-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log: c:\giraffe\main.log log type: text opened on: 21 Jun 2007, 16:45:03 . . /* Merge datasets from Polity IV database, Rose bilateral trade data, and Rose trade openness da > ta */ . do merge2.do . /* Merge datasets from Rose bilateral trade data with other dataset */ . . /* Merge Polity IV data for country 1 */ . use polraw.dta . ren ccode cty1 . sort cty1 year . drop cyear scode flag fragment durable xrreg xrcomp xropen xconst parreg parcomp exrec exconst p > olcomp prior eyear edate eprec interim byear bdate bprec post change d3 sf . sort cty1 year . save "C:\giraffe\temp\polcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\polcook1.dta saved . use econraw.dta . sort cty1 year . merge cty1 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\polcook1" variables cty1 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data cty1 was int now float year was int now float variables cty1 year do not uniquely identify observations in C:\giraffe\temp\polcook1.dta . keep if _merge == 3 (24725 observations deleted) . drop _merge . ren country country1 . ren democ democ1 . ren autoc autoc1 . ren polity polity11 . ren polity2 polity21 . ren regtrans regtrans1 . save "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta saved . . /* Merge Polity IV data for country 2 */ . use polraw.dta . ren ccode cty2 . sort cty2 year . drop cyear scode flag fragment durable xrreg xrcomp xropen xconst parreg parcomp exrec exconst p > olcomp prior eyear edate eprec interim byear bdate bprec post change d3 sf . save "C:\giraffe\temp\polcook2.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\polcook2.dta saved . use "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta" . sort cty2 year . merge cty2 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\polcook2" variables cty2 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data cty2 was int now float variables cty2 year do not uniquely identify observations in C:\giraffe\temp\polcook2.dta . keep if _merge == 3 (39358 observations deleted) . drop _merge . ren country country2 . ren democ democ2 . ren autoc autoc2 . ren polity polity12 . ren polity2 polity22 . ren regtrans regtrans2 . save "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta saved . . /* Merge Rose Openness data for country 1 */ . use openraw.dta . ren ifscode cty1 . sort cty1 year . keep cty1 year open trshare tariffs . save "C:\giraffe\temp\opencook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\opencook1.dta saved . use "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta" . sort cty1 year . merge cty1 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\opencook1" variables cty1 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data . drop _merge . ren open open1 . ren trshare trshare1 . ren tariffs tariffs1 . save "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta saved . . /* Merge Rose Openness data for country 2 */ . use openraw.dta . ren ifscode cty2 . sort cty2 year . keep cty2 year open trshare tariffs . save "C:\giraffe\temp\opencook2.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\opencook2.dta saved . use "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta" . sort cty2 year . merge cty2 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\opencook2" variables cty2 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data . drop _merge . ren open open2 . ren trshare trshare2 . ren tariffs tariffs2 . save "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta saved . . /* Merge Easterly-Levine Growth data for country 1 */ . use policyraw.dta . ren ifscode cty1 . sort cty1 year . keep cty1 year govtcris corrupti . save "C:\giraffe\temp\policycook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\policycook1.dta saved . use "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta" . sort cty1 year . merge cty1 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\policycook1" variables cty1 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data variables cty1 year do not uniquely identify observations in C:\giraffe\temp\policycook1.dta . drop _merge . ren govtcris govtcris1 . ren corrupti corrupti1 . save "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta saved . . /* Merge Easterly-Levine Growth data for country 1 */ . use policyraw.dta . ren ifscode cty2 . sort cty2 year . keep cty2 year govtcris corrupti . save "C:\giraffe\temp\policycook2.dta", replace file C:\giraffe\temp\policycook2.dta saved . use "C:\giraffe\temp\econcook1.dta" . sort cty2 year . merge cty2 year using "C:\giraffe\temp\policycook2" variables cty2 year do not uniquely identify observations in the master data variables cty2 year do not uniquely identify observations in C:\giraffe\temp\policycook2.dta . drop _merge . ren govtcris govtcris2 . ren corrupti corrupti2 . . /* Label new variables */ . label variable ltrade "Log Bilateral Trade in Real $" . label variable democ1 "Democracy for Country Code 1" . label variable democ2 "Democracy for Country Code 2" . label variable autoc1 "Autocracy for Country Code 1" . label variable autoc2 "Autocracy for Country Code 2" . label variable open1 "Openness in % for Country Code 1, PWT" . label variable open2 "Openness in % for Country Code 2, PWT" . label variable trshare1 "Trade share for Country Code 1, Harrison" . label variable trshare2 "Trade share for Country Code 2, Harrison" . label variable tariffs1 "Import Duties for Country Code 1, WDI 2002" . label variable tariffs2 "Import Duties for Country Code 2, WDI 2002" . label variable corrupti1 "Corruption index for Country Code 1" . label variable corrupti2 "Corruption index for Country Code 2" . label variable govtcris1 "Government crisis variable for Country Code 1" . label variable govtcris2 "Government crisis variable for Country Code 2" . label variable polity11 "Polity (Democ + Autoc) for Country Code 1" . label variable polity12 "Polity (Democ + Autoc) for Country Code 2" . label variable polity21 "Polity II for Country Code 1" . label variable polity22 "Polity II for Country Code 2" . save cooked.dta, replace file cooked.dta saved . . exit end of do-file . . /* Massage data */ . do massage.do . /* Generate required variables */ . use cooked.dta . . /* Drop variables for data with missing values */ . drop if democ1==. (7672 observations deleted) . drop if democ2==. (0 observations deleted) . drop if democ1<0 (3305 observations deleted) . drop if democ2<0 (5059 observations deleted) . . /* Generate additional dummies */ . gen bothdemoc=0 . label variable bothdemoc "Dummy when Both Countries are Democracies" . replace bothdemoc=1 if (democ1>5) & (democ2>5) (44912 real changes made) . gen onedemoc=0 . label variable onedemoc "Dummy when One Country is Democracy" . replace onedemoc=1 if (democ1>5) | (democ2>5) (134906 real changes made) . . /* Generate additional variables */ . gen democ=((democ1+0.1)*(democ2+0.1)) . gen ldemoc=ln(democ) . label variable ldemoc "Log of democracy" . gen open=(open1*open2) (41213 missing values generated) . gen lopen=ln(open) (41213 missing values generated) . label variable lopen "Log of openness" . gen trshare=(trshare1*trshare2) (154679 missing values generated) . label variable trshare "Trade share" . gen tariffs=(tariffs1*tariffs2) (119536 missing values generated) . gen ltariffs=ln(tariffs) (126201 missing values generated) . label variable tariffs "Log of tariff" . gen govtcris=((govtcris1)*(govtcris2)) (98979 missing values generated) . gen lgovtcris=ln(govtcris) (170589 missing values generated) . label variable lgovtcris "Log of government crisis" . gen corrupti=((corrupti1)*(corrupti2)) (145080 missing values generated) . gen lcorrupti=ln(corrupti) (145879 missing values generated) . label variable lcorrupti "Log of corruption" . gen lrgdp2=lrgdp^2 . label variable lrgdp2 "Log of real GDP squared" . gen lrgdppc2=lrgdppc^2 . label variable lrgdppc2 "Log of real GDP per capita squared" . . /* Generate interaction variables */ . gen onedemocgdp=onedemoc*lrgdp . label variable onedemocgdp "Interaction of one democracy and real GDP" . gen onedemocgdppc=onedemoc*lrgdppc . label variable onedemocgdppc "Interaction of one democracy and real GDP per capita" . gen bothdemocgdp=bothdemoc*lrgdp . label variable bothdemocgdp "Interaction of both democracies and real GDP" . gen bothdemocgdppc=bothdemoc*lrgdppc . label variable bothdemocgdppc "Interaction of both democracies and real GDP per capita" . gen ldemocgdp=ldemoc*lrgdp . label variable ldemocgdp "Interaction of democracy and real GDP" . gen ldemocgdppc=ldemoc*lrgdppc . label variable ldemocgdppc "Interaction of democracy and real GDP per capita" . . save cooked2.dta, replace file cooked2.dta saved . . exit end of do-file . . /* Provide descriptive statistics */ . do desc.do . /* Provide descriptive statistics */ . . /* Descriptives for both democracies */ . sum ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist if bothdemoc==1 Variable | Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- ltrade | 44912 11.72379 3.240027 -8.81611 20.81125 lrgdp | 44912 49.43178 2.51998 41.02035 59.08996 lrgdppc | 44912 16.94555 1.378833 10.27245 21.59728 ldist | 44912 8.207904 .8817577 4.737697 9.421514 . pwcorr ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist if bothdemoc==1, obs sig | ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist -------------+------------------------------------ ltrade | 1.0000 | | 44912 | lrgdp | 0.7673 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 44912 44912 | lrgdppc | 0.5478 0.4804 1.0000 | 0.0000 0.0000 | 44912 44912 44912 | ldist | -0.3546 -0.0277 -0.1438 1.0000 | 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 | 44912 44912 44912 44912 | . . /* Descriptives for both nondemocracies */ . sum ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist if onedemoc==0 Variable | Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- ltrade | 45949 9.257281 3.055589 -16.09047 18.51112 lrgdp | 45949 47.35675 2.215115 39.4177 55.73557 lrgdppc | 45949 15.02538 1.420182 9.900452 20.89841 ldist | 45949 7.919735 .8778547 4.016798 9.421514 . pwcorr ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist if onedemoc==0, obs sig | ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist -------------+------------------------------------ ltrade | 1.0000 | | 45949 | lrgdp | 0.4709 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 45949 45949 | lrgdppc | 0.3310 0.4119 1.0000 | 0.0000 0.0000 | 45949 45949 45949 | ldist | -0.1482 0.3634 0.1357 1.0000 | 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 | 45949 45949 45949 45949 | . . /* Descriptives for democracies and trade in selected years */ . preserve . keep if (year==1965) (178197 observations deleted) . graph twoway scatter ltrade ldemoc, title("Democracy and Bilateral Trade Flows, 1965") msymbol(o > ) msize(medium) scale(0.7) saving("C:\giraffe\output\figure2a", replace) (file C:\giraffe\output\figure2a.gph saved) . graph export "C:\giraffe\output\figure2a.eps", replace (file C:\giraffe\output\figure2a.eps written in EPS format) . restore . preserve . keep if (year==1995) (175282 observations deleted) . graph twoway scatter ltrade ldemoc, title("Democracy and Bilateral Trade Flows, 1995") msymbol(o > ) msize(medium) scale(0.7) saving("C:\giraffe\output\figure2b", replace) (file C:\giraffe\output\figure2b.gph saved) . graph export "C:\giraffe\output\figure2b.eps", replace (file C:\giraffe\output\figure2b.eps written in EPS format) . restore . . preserve . keep if cty1==111 & cty2==156 (180803 observations deleted) . graph twoway line ltrade year, title("Bilateral Trade Flows, Canada and the United States") scal > e(0.7) saving("C:\giraffe\output\figure1a", replace) (file C:\giraffe\output\figure1a.gph saved) . graph export "C:\giraffe\output\figure1a.eps", replace (file C:\giraffe\output\figure1a.eps written in EPS format) . restore . preserve . keep if cty1==518 & cty2==924 (180817 observations deleted) . graph twoway line ltrade year, title("Bilateral Trade Flows, China and Myanmar") scale(0.7) savi > ng("C:\giraffe\output\figure1b", replace) (note: file C:\giraffe\output\figure1b.gph not found) (file C:\giraffe\output\figure1b.gph saved) . graph export "C:\giraffe\output\figure1b.eps", replace (file C:\giraffe\output\figure1b.eps written in EPS format) . restore . exit end of do-file . . /* Regression analysis */ . do bench.do . /* Benchmark regressions */ . . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island > custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 16, 5381) = 1261.85 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7084 Adj R-squared = 0.7084 Root MSE = 1.7592 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9486043 .0141967 66.82 0.000 .920773 .9764356 lrgdppc | .4949548 .0229923 21.53 0.000 .4498806 .5400289 ldist | -1.112065 .0328134 -33.89 0.000 -1.176393 -1.047738 bothdemoc | -.1830146 .0445112 -4.11 0.000 -.2702746 -.0957545 onedemoc | -.1293585 .0645055 -2.01 0.045 -.2558153 -.0029017 comlang | .5701925 .0580153 9.83 0.000 .456459 .6839259 border | .5477968 .1673452 3.27 0.001 .2197324 .8758612 regional | .1703882 .2470109 0.69 0.490 -.3138531 .6546295 landl | -.0838523 .0463721 -1.81 0.071 -.1747605 .0070558 ltariffs | -.1409517 .0099306 -14.19 0.000 -.1604198 -.1214837 island | .1583696 .0539039 2.94 0.003 .0526962 .264043 custrict | 1.280962 .229351 5.59 0.000 .8313407 1.730583 lareap | -.0702256 .0129352 -5.43 0.000 -.0955839 -.0448673 comcol | .5509241 .1030818 5.34 0.000 .348842 .7530062 curcol | -3.388364 .1535487 -22.07 0.000 -3.689382 -3.087347 colony | .9635281 .1556547 6.19 0.000 .6583819 1.268674 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -32.5293 .5778027 -56.30 0.000 -33.66203 -31.39657 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B1, title(Benchmark, B1) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc lrgdp2 lrgdppc2 comlang border regional landl > ltariffs lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 16, 5381) = 1292.07 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7079 Adj R-squared = 0.7078 Root MSE = 1.7609 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7171345 .2568708 2.79 0.005 .2135638 1.220705 lrgdppc | -.4683053 .2810368 -1.67 0.096 -1.019251 .0826406 ldist | -1.081048 .0311583 -34.70 0.000 -1.142131 -1.019965 bothdemoc | -.1888363 .0444537 -4.25 0.000 -.2759837 -.101689 onedemoc | -.0797139 .0659656 -1.21 0.227 -.2090333 .0496054 lrgdp2 | .0023107 .0025906 0.89 0.372 -.0027679 .0073893 lrgdppc2 | .0299402 .0085123 3.52 0.000 .0132526 .0466278 comlang | .5772585 .0582916 9.90 0.000 .4629834 .6915336 border | .575878 .1693542 3.40 0.001 .2438751 .9078809 regional | .1772895 .256946 0.69 0.490 -.3264287 .6810077 landl | -.1293837 .0460535 -2.81 0.005 -.2196672 -.0391002 ltariffs | -.1278129 .0099193 -12.89 0.000 -.1472588 -.1083671 lareap | -.0835175 .0123044 -6.79 0.000 -.1076391 -.0593959 comcol | .5892272 .1035071 5.69 0.000 .3863113 .792143 curcol | -3.327459 .159372 -20.88 0.000 -3.639893 -3.015025 colony | .9957369 .159198 6.25 0.000 .6836443 1.30783 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -19.00824 6.627157 -2.87 0.004 -32.00015 -6.016334 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B2, title(Benchmark, B2) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc onedemocgdp comlang border regional landl lta > riffs lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 15, 5381) = 1328.71 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7079 Adj R-squared = 0.7079 Root MSE = 1.7607 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .8554014 .0258355 33.11 0.000 .8047534 .9060494 lrgdppc | .5068789 .0234366 21.63 0.000 .4609336 .5528242 ldist | -1.086046 .0311859 -34.82 0.000 -1.147184 -1.024909 bothdemoc | -.1772434 .0441032 -4.02 0.000 -.2637035 -.0907833 onedemoc | -5.149864 1.232106 -4.18 0.000 -7.565291 -2.734437 onedemocgdp | .1046417 .0255486 4.10 0.000 .054556 .1547273 comlang | .5628904 .0584459 9.63 0.000 .4483127 .677468 border | .5980112 .1685949 3.55 0.000 .2674969 .9285254 regional | .2061022 .2557386 0.81 0.420 -.295249 .7074533 landl | -.1239855 .045671 -2.71 0.007 -.2135191 -.0344518 ltariffs | -.1285368 .0098204 -13.09 0.000 -.1477888 -.1092847 lareap | -.0832817 .0123312 -6.75 0.000 -.1074559 -.0591075 comcol | .5887586 .1020137 5.77 0.000 .3887705 .7887467 curcol | -3.373581 .1564199 -21.57 0.000 -3.680227 -3.066934 colony | .9760042 .1590049 6.14 0.000 .6642901 1.287718 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -28.13644 1.22213 -23.02 0.000 -30.53231 -25.74058 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B3, title(Benchmark, B3) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc bothdemocgdp comlang border regional landl lt > ariffs lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 15, 5381) = 1329.96 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7073 Adj R-squared = 0.7072 Root MSE = 1.7626 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9448344 .0155199 60.88 0.000 .9144092 .9752597 lrgdppc | .5068064 .0234947 21.57 0.000 .4607474 .5528655 ldist | -1.095343 .0312905 -35.01 0.000 -1.156685 -1.034001 bothdemoc | .0411023 .8616714 0.05 0.962 -1.648123 1.730327 onedemoc | -.1245175 .0652148 -1.91 0.056 -.252365 .0033299 bothdemocgdp | -.0041239 .0172342 -0.24 0.811 -.03791 .0296622 comlang | .5797661 .0584559 9.92 0.000 .4651689 .6943633 border | .6101149 .1693427 3.60 0.000 .2781345 .9420953 regional | .1919199 .2546458 0.75 0.451 -.307289 .6911287 landl | -.1109054 .0457272 -2.43 0.015 -.2005493 -.0212615 ltariffs | -.1338935 .0097823 -13.69 0.000 -.1530708 -.1147162 lareap | -.0784834 .0123348 -6.36 0.000 -.1026645 -.0543023 comcol | .6411603 .1013287 6.33 0.000 .442515 .8398055 curcol | -3.415238 .1558947 -21.91 0.000 -3.720855 -3.109621 colony | .9683686 .1583313 6.12 0.000 .6579751 1.278762 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -32.45128 .6905731 -46.99 0.000 -33.80509 -31.09748 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B4, title(Benchmark, B4) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict la > reap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 15, 5381) = 1324.70 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7078 Adj R-squared = 0.7077 Root MSE = 1.7611 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .950732 .0143257 66.37 0.000 .9226478 .9788162 lrgdppc | .4764503 .0231729 20.56 0.000 .4310221 .5218785 ldist | -1.107377 .0330261 -33.53 0.000 -1.172121 -1.042632 ldemoc | -.0180388 .0088543 -2.04 0.042 -.0353968 -.0006808 comlang | .5733854 .0584161 9.82 0.000 .4588663 .6879046 border | .5451109 .1690213 3.23 0.001 .2137608 .8764611 regional | .1455376 .248025 0.59 0.557 -.3406917 .631767 landl | -.0891234 .0463084 -1.92 0.054 -.1799067 .0016598 ltariffs | -.1388037 .0099108 -14.01 0.000 -.1582329 -.1193744 island | .1369352 .0537178 2.55 0.011 .0316265 .2422438 custrict | 1.290992 .2301699 5.61 0.000 .8397658 1.742218 lareap | -.0755963 .013037 -5.80 0.000 -.1011541 -.0500386 comcol | .5611394 .1048785 5.35 0.000 .355535 .7667437 curcol | -3.465611 .1534631 -22.58 0.000 -3.766461 -3.164761 colony | .9443349 .1569972 6.01 0.000 .6365567 1.252113 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -32.37806 .5934946 -54.55 0.000 -33.54155 -31.21457 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B5, title(Benchmark, B5) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc lrgdp2 lrgdppc2 comlang border regional landl ltariffs la > reap comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 15, 5381) = 1356.76 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7072 Adj R-squared = 0.7072 Root MSE = 1.7628 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7638423 .2583881 2.96 0.003 .2572971 1.270388 lrgdppc | -.4281416 .2730178 -1.57 0.117 -.963367 .1070838 ldist | -1.080496 .0315133 -34.29 0.000 -1.142275 -1.018717 ldemoc | -.013841 .0087906 -1.57 0.115 -.0310742 .0033922 lrgdp2 | .0018549 .0026051 0.71 0.476 -.0032522 .006962 lrgdppc2 | .0280773 .0082627 3.40 0.001 .011879 .0442756 comlang | .5793964 .0586471 9.88 0.000 .4644243 .6943685 border | .5699027 .1709177 3.33 0.001 .2348347 .9049707 regional | .1432147 .257017 0.56 0.577 -.3606428 .6470721 landl | -.1294131 .0460045 -2.81 0.005 -.2196006 -.0392257 ltariffs | -.1274631 .0098732 -12.91 0.000 -.1468185 -.1081077 lareap | -.0865774 .0124831 -6.94 0.000 -.1110493 -.0621055 comcol | .5969849 .1052667 5.67 0.000 .3906195 .8033504 curcol | -3.424891 .1579789 -21.68 0.000 -3.734593 -3.115188 colony | .9778438 .1602101 6.10 0.000 .6637672 1.291921 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -20.39323 6.619921 -3.08 0.002 -33.37096 -7.415506 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B6, title(Benchmark, B6) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdp comlang border regional landl ltariffs lareap c > omcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 14, 5381) = 1399.83 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7068 Adj R-squared = 0.7067 Root MSE = 1.7642 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9415411 .0148907 63.23 0.000 .9123494 .9707328 lrgdppc | .486383 .0237164 20.51 0.000 .4398892 .5328768 ldist | -1.09205 .0316249 -34.53 0.000 -1.154047 -1.030052 ldemoc | -.1549441 .1442759 -1.07 0.283 -.4377833 .1278952 ldemocgdp | .0028645 .0029428 0.97 0.330 -.0029045 .0086336 comlang | .5788098 .0588662 9.83 0.000 .4634081 .6942115 border | .6005384 .1708702 3.51 0.000 .2655636 .9355132 regional | .1552693 .2562428 0.61 0.545 -.3470703 .6576089 landl | -.117029 .0457806 -2.56 0.011 -.2067774 -.0272805 ltariffs | -.1315746 .0097634 -13.48 0.000 -.1507149 -.1124344 lareap | -.0833145 .0126106 -6.61 0.000 -.1080363 -.0585926 comcol | .6333963 .1037756 6.10 0.000 .429954 .8368385 curcol | -3.481932 .1559685 -22.32 0.000 -3.787694 -3.176171 colony | .9542999 .1599966 5.96 0.000 .6406418 1.267958 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -32.01015 .6559358 -48.80 0.000 -33.29605 -30.72425 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B7, title(Benchmark, B7) . areg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdppc comlang border regional landl ltariffs lareap > comcol curcol colony comctry, robust cluster(pairid) a(year) Linear regression, absorbing indicators Number of obs = 54654 F( 14, 5381) = 1408.88 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.7072 Adj R-squared = 0.7071 Root MSE = 1.763 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9471869 .0143706 65.91 0.000 .9190146 .9753592 lrgdppc | .4696335 .0246855 19.02 0.000 .42124 .518027 ldist | -1.084346 .0313685 -34.57 0.000 -1.145841 -1.022851 ldemoc | -.2819083 .0784153 -3.60 0.000 -.4356341 -.1281826 ldemocgdppc | .0164788 .0048464 3.40 0.001 .0069779 .0259797 comlang | .5791956 .0586483 9.88 0.000 .4642212 .69417 border | .5816477 .1708317 3.40 0.001 .2467484 .9165471 regional | .1319191 .2561498 0.52 0.607 -.3702381 .6340764 landl | -.1258387 .0457035 -2.75 0.006 -.2154361 -.0362413 ltariffs | -.1278316 .0098481 -12.98 0.000 -.1471379 -.1085253 lareap | -.0876709 .0124267 -7.06 0.000 -.1120323 -.0633095 comcol | .6198007 .1032654 6.00 0.000 .4173587 .8222427 curcol | -3.440207 .1564371 -21.99 0.000 -3.746887 -3.133527 colony | .9678678 .1601069 6.05 0.000 .6539935 1.281742 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -32.009 .6069181 -52.74 0.000 -33.19881 -30.8192 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- year | absorbed (29 categories) . estimates store B8, title(Benchmark, B8) . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table2.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats (r2 r2_p chi2 N, labels("R$^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$\ > chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) & B1 & B2 & B3 & B4 & B5 & > B6 & B7 & B8 \\ & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se \\ lrgdp & 0.949***& 0.717***& 0.855***& 0.945***& 0.951***& > 0.764***& 0.942***& 0.947***\\ & (0.01) & (0.26) & (0.03) & (0.02) & (0.01) & > (0.26) & (0.01) & (0.01) \\ lrgdppc & 0.495***& -0.468* & 0.507***& 0.507***& 0.476***& > -0.428 & 0.486***& 0.470***\\ & (0.02) & (0.28) & (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) & > (0.27) & (0.02) & (0.02) \\ ldist & -1.112***& -1.081***& -1.086***& -1.095***& -1.107***& > -1.080***& -1.092***& -1.084***\\ & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.03) & > (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.03) \\ bothdemoc & -0.183***& -0.189***& -0.177***& 0.041 & & > & & \\ & (0.04) & (0.04) & (0.04) & (0.86) & & > & & \\ onedemoc & -0.129** & -0.080 & -5.150***& -0.125* & & > & & \\ & (0.06) & (0.07) & (1.23) & (0.07) & & > & & \\ comlang & 0.570***& 0.577***& 0.563***& 0.580***& 0.573***& > 0.579***& 0.579***& 0.579***\\ & (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) & > (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ border & 0.548***& 0.576***& 0.598***& 0.610***& 0.545***& > 0.570***& 0.601***& 0.582***\\ & (0.17) & (0.17) & (0.17) & (0.17) & (0.17) & > (0.17) & (0.17) & (0.17) \\ regional & 0.170 & 0.177 & 0.206 & 0.192 & 0.146 & > 0.143 & 0.155 & 0.132 \\ & (0.25) & (0.26) & (0.26) & (0.25) & (0.25) & > (0.26) & (0.26) & (0.26) \\ landl & -0.084* & -0.129***& -0.124***& -0.111** & -0.089* & > -0.129***& -0.117** & -0.126***\\ & (0.05) & (0.05) & (0.05) & (0.05) & (0.05) & > (0.05) & (0.05) & (0.05) \\ ltariffs & -0.141***& -0.128***& -0.129***& -0.134***& -0.139***& > -0.127***& -0.132***& -0.128***\\ & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) \\ island & 0.158***& & & & 0.137** & > & & \\ & (0.05) & & & & (0.05) & > & & \\ custrict & 1.281***& & & & 1.291***& > & & \\ & (0.23) & & & & (0.23) & > & & \\ lareap & -0.070***& -0.084***& -0.083***& -0.078***& -0.076***& > -0.087***& -0.083***& -0.088***\\ & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) \\ comcol & 0.551***& 0.589***& 0.589***& 0.641***& 0.561***& > 0.597***& 0.633***& 0.620***\\ & (0.10) & (0.10) & (0.10) & (0.10) & (0.10) & > (0.11) & (0.10) & (0.10) \\ curcol & -3.388***& -3.327***& -3.374***& -3.415***& -3.466***& > -3.425***& -3.482***& -3.440***\\ & (0.15) & (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.15) & > (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) \\ colony & 0.964***& 0.996***& 0.976***& 0.968***& 0.944***& > 0.978***& 0.954***& 0.968***\\ & (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) & > (0.16) & (0.16) & (0.16) \\ comctry & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & > 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.00) & > (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ lrgdp2 & & 0.002 & & & & > 0.002 & & \\ & & (0.00) & & & & > (0.00) & & \\ lrgdppc2 & & 0.030***& & & & > 0.028***& & \\ & & (0.01) & & & & > (0.01) & & \\ onedemocgdp & & & 0.105***& & & > & & \\ & & & (0.03) & & & > & & \\ bothdemocgdp& & & & -0.004 & & > & & \\ & & & & (0.02) & & > & & \\ ldemoc & & & & & -0.018** & > -0.014 & -0.155 & -0.282***\\ & & & & & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.14) & (0.08) \\ ldemocgdp & & & & & & > & 0.003 & \\ & & & & & & > & (0.00) & \\ ldemocgdppc & & & & & & > & & 0.016***\\ & & & & & & > & & (0.00) \\ Constant & -32.529***& -19.008***& -28.136***& -32.451***& -32.378***& > -20.393***& -32.010***& -32.009***\\ & (0.58) & (6.63) & (1.22) & (0.69) & (0.59) & > (6.62) & (0.66) & (0.61) \\ R$^2$ & 0.708 & 0.708 & 0.708 & 0.707 & 0.708 & > 0.707 & 0.707 & 0.707 \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & & & & & > & & \\ $\chi^2$ & & & & & & > & & \\ N & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54 > 654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 \\ . estimates clear . . exit end of do-file . do panel.do . /* Regressions with panel techniques */ . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust i(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0489 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5946 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5797 max = 29 F(8,49264) = 577.28 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5956 Prob > F = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3261377 .0328475 9.93 0.000 .2617561 .3905193 lrgdppc | .2552227 .0459988 5.55 0.000 .1650645 .3453809 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .1386894 .021067 6.58 0.000 .0973978 .179981 onedemoc | .0188072 .0333153 0.56 0.572 -.0464912 .0841056 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2979848 .0299618 9.95 0.000 .2392593 .3567102 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0567474 .0044101 -12.87 0.000 -.0653913 -.0481035 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0344707 .1669036 -0.21 0.836 -.3616038 .2926624 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.993507 .1312231 -30.43 0.000 -4.250706 -3.736308 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.285804 .9861277 -9.42 0.000 -11.21863 -7.352981 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7237434 sigma_e | 1.0464729 rho | .87137416 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P1b, title(Panel, P1b) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust i(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0477 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6817 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6458 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(16) = 15323.70 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6933816 .0159015 43.60 0.000 .6622152 .724548 lrgdppc | .19969 .0239358 8.34 0.000 .1527767 .2466033 ldist | -1.259113 .0420925 -29.91 0.000 -1.341613 -1.176613 bothdemoc | .0684466 .0195025 3.51 0.000 .0302225 .1066707 onedemoc | .0254014 .0309864 0.82 0.412 -.0353308 .0861335 comlang | .3805468 .0835185 4.56 0.000 .2168536 .5442401 border | .7274521 .1454401 5.00 0.000 .4423947 1.012509 regional | .2081842 .0311133 6.69 0.000 .1472032 .2691651 landl | -.7229594 .0658109 -10.99 0.000 -.8519463 -.5939725 ltariffs | -.0520631 .004075 -12.78 0.000 -.0600499 -.0440762 island | .0666509 .070062 0.95 0.341 -.0706682 .2039699 custrict | .2894681 .1508219 1.92 0.055 -.0061374 .5850735 lareap | .0134002 .0153361 0.87 0.382 -.016658 .0434584 comcol | -.3841148 .1455138 -2.64 0.008 -.6693166 -.098913 curcol | -3.785583 .1836152 -20.62 0.000 -4.145462 -3.425704 colony | 2.087137 .1138546 18.33 0.000 1.863986 2.310288 _cons | -16.60265 .5466447 -30.37 0.000 -17.67406 -15.53125 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8097316 sigma_e | 1.0464835 rho | .74941339 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P2b, title(Panel, P2b) . hausman P1b P2b /* Insignificant p-value: RE OK, significant p-value: Prefer FE */ ---- Coefficients ---- | (b) (B) (b-B) sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)) | P1b P2b Difference S.E. -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3261377 .6933816 -.3672439 .028742 lrgdppc | .2552227 .19969 .0555327 .0392806 bothdemoc | .1386894 .0684466 .0702428 .0079669 onedemoc | .0188072 .0254014 -.0065942 .0122374 regional | .2979848 .2081842 .0898006 . ltariffs | -.0567474 -.0520631 -.0046844 .0016863 custrict | -.0344707 .2894681 -.3239388 .0714814 curcol | -3.993507 -3.785583 -.2079239 . ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ b = consistent under Ho and Ha; obtained from xtreg B = inconsistent under Ha, efficient under Ho; obtained from xtreg Test: Ho: difference in coefficients not systematic chi2(8) = (b-B)'[(V_b-V_B)^(-1)](b-B) = 3603.78 Prob>chi2 = 0.0000 (V_b-V_B is not positive definite) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, be i(pairid) Between regression (regression on group means) Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0441 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.7127 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6881 max = 29 F(16,5365) = 831.91 sd(u_i + avg(e_i.))= 1.884749 Prob > F = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9611716 .0166311 57.79 0.000 .9285679 .9937753 lrgdppc | .4024452 .0280032 14.37 0.000 .3475475 .4573429 ldist | -1.216966 .0399691 -30.45 0.000 -1.295322 -1.13861 bothdemoc | -.4084331 .074836 -5.46 0.000 -.5551421 -.261724 onedemoc | .0663946 .0779714 0.85 0.395 -.086461 .2192502 comlang | .547025 .0740245 7.39 0.000 .401907 .6921431 border | .7947159 .1825348 4.35 0.000 .4368734 1.152558 regional | .7284446 .2937075 2.48 0.013 .1526585 1.304231 landl | -.3195099 .0526713 -6.07 0.000 -.422767 -.2162528 ltariffs | -.1535049 .014189 -10.82 0.000 -.1813212 -.1256886 island | .1130059 .0641403 1.76 0.078 -.0127352 .2387469 custrict | 1.796081 .3065508 5.86 0.000 1.195117 2.397045 lareap | -.0563954 .0147035 -3.84 0.000 -.0852202 -.0275707 comcol | .2324922 .1085189 2.14 0.032 .0197511 .4452333 curcol | -.1008591 7.588303 -0.01 0.989 -14.97702 14.7753 colony | 1.340398 .2175765 6.16 0.000 .9138595 1.766936 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -31.25941 .6931632 -45.10 0.000 -32.61829 -29.90053 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc onedemocgdp comlang border regional landl lt > ariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0494 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6033 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5864 max = 29 F(9,5381) = 143.94 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.6048 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .2747197 .0604658 4.54 0.000 .1561822 .3932571 lrgdppc | .2459088 .0708888 3.47 0.001 .106938 .3848796 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .1338739 .0326992 4.09 0.000 .0697703 .1979776 onedemoc | -3.161533 1.023519 -3.09 0.002 -5.168045 -1.155021 onedemocgdp | .0653787 .0208261 3.14 0.002 .0245512 .1062062 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2875773 .0590066 4.87 0.000 .1719005 .4032541 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0559639 .0069418 -8.06 0.000 -.0695726 -.0423552 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0571742 .1780693 -0.32 0.748 -.4062621 .2919136 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.987391 .0222105 -179.53 0.000 -4.030933 -3.94385 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -6.647259 2.023633 -3.28 0.001 -10.6144 -2.680119 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7264797 sigma_e | 1.0462065 rho | .87165605 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P3b, title(Panel, P3b) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc onedemocgdp comlang border regional landl lt > ariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0480 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6819 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6464 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(16) = 7.97e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6652672 .025599 25.99 0.000 .6150941 .7154402 lrgdppc | .198853 .0273211 7.28 0.000 .1453046 .2524013 ldist | -1.253541 .037949 -33.03 0.000 -1.327919 -1.179162 bothdemoc | .0659653 .0294772 2.24 0.025 .0081911 .1237396 onedemoc | -1.669496 .8714757 -1.92 0.055 -3.377557 .0385652 onedemocgdp | .0349566 .0177838 1.97 0.049 .0001009 .0698122 comlang | .3735935 .0767822 4.87 0.000 .2231032 .5240837 border | .7239797 .1579752 4.58 0.000 .414354 1.033606 regional | .2019606 .0573048 3.52 0.000 .0896453 .314276 landl | -.7276274 .0576748 -12.62 0.000 -.8406679 -.614587 ltariffs | -.0516469 .0065234 -7.92 0.000 -.0644325 -.0388612 island | .0715969 .0672207 1.07 0.287 -.0601533 .2033471 custrict | .2642651 .1841155 1.44 0.151 -.0965946 .6251248 lareap | .012101 .0163833 0.74 0.460 -.0200098 .0442117 comcol | -.4050067 .1270088 -3.19 0.001 -.6539394 -.156074 curcol | -3.781683 .0186658 -202.60 0.000 -3.818267 -3.745099 colony | 2.092014 .1460463 14.32 0.000 1.805769 2.37826 _cons | -15.24634 1.000649 -15.24 0.000 -17.20758 -13.2851 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8069136 sigma_e | 1.0462171 rho | .7489234 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P4b, title(Panel, P4b) . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc bothdemocgdp comlang border regional landl l > tariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0495 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6011 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5840 max = 29 F(9,5381) = 9924.32 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.6001 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3198815 .0567336 5.64 0.000 .2086606 .4311024 lrgdppc | .2349142 .0712366 3.30 0.001 .0952617 .3745667 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | -2.205625 .6526059 -3.38 0.001 -3.484997 -.9262533 onedemoc | .0237866 .048274 0.49 0.622 -.07085 .1184231 bothdemocgdp | .0472867 .0129568 3.65 0.000 .0218862 .0726873 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2901899 .0598318 4.85 0.000 .1728952 .4074845 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0552357 .0069266 -7.97 0.000 -.0688147 -.0416568 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0244713 .1764621 -0.14 0.890 -.3704084 .3214658 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.996985 .0220927 -180.92 0.000 -4.040295 -3.953674 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -8.658488 1.771505 -4.89 0.000 -12.13136 -5.185621 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7247114 sigma_e | 1.046176 rho | .87151733 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P5b, title(Panel, P5b) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc bothdemocgdp comlang border regional landl l > tariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0481 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6815 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6458 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(16) = 8.01e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6862841 .0206909 33.17 0.000 .6457307 .7268375 lrgdppc | .1960314 .0273245 7.17 0.000 .1424762 .2495865 ldist | -1.256787 .0379472 -33.12 0.000 -1.331162 -1.182411 bothdemoc | -1.220083 .5889089 -2.07 0.038 -2.374323 -.0658428 onedemoc | .0304254 .0435593 0.70 0.485 -.0549492 .1158 bothdemocgdp | .02603 .0117059 2.22 0.026 .0030868 .0489732 comlang | .3782428 .0765678 4.94 0.000 .2281726 .528313 border | .7262439 .15786 4.60 0.000 .4168441 1.035644 regional | .2015637 .0573172 3.52 0.000 .0892241 .3139034 landl | -.7276385 .0576321 -12.63 0.000 -.8405955 -.6146816 ltariffs | -.0514063 .0065104 -7.90 0.000 -.0641666 -.0386461 island | .0708818 .0671986 1.05 0.292 -.0608249 .2025886 custrict | .2891885 .1843897 1.57 0.117 -.0722087 .6505857 lareap | .0121151 .0164029 0.74 0.460 -.020034 .0442642 comcol | -.398401 .1266317 -3.15 0.002 -.6465947 -.1502074 curcol | -3.788222 .0184289 -205.56 0.000 -3.824342 -3.752102 colony | 2.089338 .1464556 14.27 0.000 1.80229 2.376385 _cons | -16.19054 .7007011 -23.11 0.000 -17.56389 -14.81719 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8095939 sigma_e | 1.0461866 rho | .74949135 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P6b, title(Panel, P6b) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc onedemocgdppc comlang border regional landl > ltariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0489 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5955 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5801 max = 29 F(9,5381) = 140.54 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5965 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3254327 .0568171 5.73 0.000 .2140481 .4368173 lrgdppc | .2431288 .0780134 3.12 0.002 .090191 .3960667 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .1383456 .0328231 4.21 0.000 .0739991 .2026922 onedemoc | -.2114811 .6020557 -0.35 0.725 -1.391754 .9687919 onedemocgd~c | .0148156 .0384558 0.39 0.700 -.0605733 .0902045 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2973728 .0608378 4.89 0.000 .1781061 .4166394 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0566426 .0069407 -8.16 0.000 -.0702492 -.0430361 island | (dropped) custrict | -.037425 .1770077 -0.21 0.833 -.3844317 .3095818 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.993073 .0222663 -179.33 0.000 -4.036724 -3.949422 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.066806 1.873773 -4.84 0.000 -12.74016 -5.393453 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7245368 sigma_e | 1.0464785 rho | .87143823 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P7b, title(Panel, P7b) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc bothdemocgdppc comlang border regional landl > ltariffs island custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0491 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5902 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5767 max = 29 F(9,5381) = 10335.94 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5918 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3215379 .057025 5.64 0.000 .2097459 .4333299 lrgdppc | .2812111 .0737358 3.81 0.000 .136659 .4257632 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .9459839 .449441 2.10 0.035 .0648975 1.82707 onedemoc | .0129957 .0482781 0.27 0.788 -.0816489 .1076403 bothdemocg~c | -.0486914 .0264712 -1.84 0.066 -.1005856 .0032029 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2994032 .0607998 4.92 0.000 .1802111 .4185954 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0583424 .0069597 -8.38 0.000 -.0719864 -.0446985 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0390075 .1772122 -0.22 0.826 -.3864153 .3084002 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -4.003011 .0239673 -167.02 0.000 -4.049997 -3.956025 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.466309 1.761763 -5.37 0.000 -12.92008 -6.012541 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7248262 sigma_e | 1.0464053 rho | .87147769 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P8b, title(Panel, P8b) . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table3a.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats (r2 r2_p chi2 N, labels("R$^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$ > \chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) & P1b & P2b & P3b & P4b & P5b & > P6b & P7b & P8b \\ & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se \\ lrgdp & 0.326***& 0.693***& 0.275***& 0.665***& 0.320***& > 0.686***& 0.325***& 0.322***\\ & (0.03) & (0.02) & (0.06) & (0.03) & (0.06) & > (0.02) & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ lrgdppc & 0.255***& 0.200***& 0.246***& 0.199***& 0.235***& > 0.196***& 0.243***& 0.281***\\ & (0.05) & (0.02) & (0.07) & (0.03) & (0.07) & > (0.03) & (0.08) & (0.07) \\ ldist & 0.000 & -1.259***& 0.000 & -1.254***& 0.000 & > -1.257***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & > (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ bothdemoc & 0.139***& 0.068***& 0.134***& 0.066** & -2.206***& > -1.220** & 0.138***& 0.946** \\ & (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.65) & > (0.59) & (0.03) & (0.45) \\ onedemoc & 0.019 & 0.025 & -3.162***& -1.669* & 0.024 & > 0.030 & -0.211 & 0.013 \\ & (0.03) & (0.03) & (1.02) & (0.87) & (0.05) & > (0.04) & (0.60) & (0.05) \\ comlang & 0.000 & 0.381***& 0.000 & 0.374***& 0.000 & > 0.378***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & > (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ border & 0.000 & 0.727***& 0.000 & 0.724***& 0.000 & > 0.726***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.16) & (0.00) & > (0.16) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ regional & 0.298***& 0.208***& 0.288***& 0.202***& 0.290***& > 0.202***& 0.297***& 0.299***\\ & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) & > (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ landl & 0.000 & -0.723***& 0.000 & -0.728***& 0.000 & > -0.728***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.06) & (0.00) & > (0.06) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ ltariffs & -0.057***& -0.052***& -0.056***& -0.052***& -0.055***& > -0.051***& -0.057***& -0.058***\\ & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) \\ island & 0.000 & 0.067 & 0.000 & 0.072 & 0.000 & > 0.071 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & > (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ custrict & -0.034 & 0.289* & -0.057 & 0.264 & -0.024 & > 0.289 & -0.037 & -0.039 \\ & (0.17) & (0.15) & (0.18) & (0.18) & (0.18) & > (0.18) & (0.18) & (0.18) \\ lareap & 0.000 & 0.013 & 0.000 & 0.012 & 0.000 & > 0.012 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & > (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ comcol & 0.000 & -0.384***& 0.000 & -0.405***& 0.000 & > -0.398***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) & > (0.13) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ curcol & -3.994***& -3.786***& -3.987***& -3.782***& -3.997***& > -3.788***& -3.993***& -4.003***\\ & (0.13) & (0.18) & (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) & > (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) \\ colony & 0.000 & 2.087***& 0.000 & 2.092***& 0.000 & > 2.089***& 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & (0.11) & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & > (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ comctry & 0.000 & & 0.000 & & 0.000 & > & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & > & (0.00) & (0.00) \\ onedemocgdp & & & 0.065***& 0.035** & & > & & \\ & & & (0.02) & (0.02) & & > & & \\ bothdemocgdp& & & & & 0.047***& > 0.026** & & \\ & & & & & (0.01) & > (0.01) & & \\ onedemocgdppc& & & & & & > & 0.015 & \\ & & & & & & > & (0.04) & \\ bothdemocgdppc& & & & & & > & & -0.049* \\ & & & & & & > & & (0.03) \\ Constant & -9.286***& -16.603***& -6.647***& -15.246***& -8.658***& > -16.191***& -9.067***& -9.466***\\ & (0.99) & (0.55) & (2.02) & (1.00) & (1.77) & > (0.70) & (1.87) & (1.76) \\ R$^2$ & 0.049 & & 0.049 & & 0.049 & > & 0.049 & 0.049 \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & & & & & > & & \\ $\chi^2$ & & 15323.704 & & 7.97e+06 & & 8 > .01e+06 & & \\ N & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54 > 654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 \\ . estimates clear . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust i(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0484 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5922 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5785 max = 29 F(7,49265) = 650.51 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5963 Prob > F = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3156512 .0337212 9.36 0.000 .2495571 .3817452 lrgdppc | .2723279 .04678 5.82 0.000 .1806386 .3640173 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0170981 .0045119 3.79 0.000 .0082547 .0259416 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2984227 .0300392 9.93 0.000 .2395456 .3572999 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0574046 .0044033 -13.04 0.000 -.0660352 -.0487741 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0301375 .1657055 -0.18 0.856 -.3549223 .2946472 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.933881 .1292729 -30.43 0.000 -4.187257 -3.680504 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.011298 1.017636 -8.86 0.000 -11.00588 -7.016719 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7283951 sigma_e | 1.046739 rho | .8716993 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P1c, title(Panel, P1c) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust i(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0474 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6822 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6463 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 15134.14 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6937907 .0160317 43.28 0.000 .6623691 .7252123 lrgdppc | .2026027 .0239149 8.47 0.000 .1557303 .2494751 ldist | -1.261677 .042163 -29.92 0.000 -1.344315 -1.179039 ldemoc | .0056116 .004088 1.37 0.170 -.0024007 .0136239 comlang | .380715 .083676 4.55 0.000 .216713 .544717 border | .7282649 .1455753 5.00 0.000 .4429426 1.013587 regional | .2113017 .0311497 6.78 0.000 .1502493 .272354 landl | -.7215047 .0659232 -10.94 0.000 -.8507118 -.5922977 ltariffs | -.0525793 .0040738 -12.91 0.000 -.0605638 -.0445947 island | .0742729 .0702111 1.06 0.290 -.0633382 .2118841 custrict | .2866449 .1505953 1.90 0.057 -.0085164 .5818061 lareap | .0137573 .0153887 0.89 0.371 -.016404 .0439185 comcol | -.3889019 .1456537 -2.67 0.008 -.6743778 -.1034259 curcol | -3.754297 .1837236 -20.43 0.000 -4.114389 -3.394205 colony | 2.091222 .1140477 18.34 0.000 1.867693 2.314752 _cons | -16.62388 .5513331 -30.15 0.000 -17.70447 -15.54328 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8147471 sigma_e | 1.0467497 rho | .75035614 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P2c, title(Panel, P2c) . hausman P1c P2c ---- Coefficients ---- | (b) (B) (b-B) sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)) | P1c P2c Difference S.E. -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3156512 .6937907 -.3781395 .0296666 lrgdppc | .2723279 .2026027 .0697252 .040205 ldemoc | .0170981 .0056116 .0114865 .0019094 regional | .2984227 .2113017 .0871211 . ltariffs | -.0574046 -.0525793 -.0048254 .0016712 custrict | -.0301375 .2866449 -.3167824 .069133 curcol | -3.933881 -3.754297 -.1795838 . ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ b = consistent under Ho and Ha; obtained from xtreg B = inconsistent under Ha, efficient under Ho; obtained from xtreg Test: Ho: difference in coefficients not systematic chi2(7) = (b-B)'[(V_b-V_B)^(-1)](b-B) = 3436.56 Prob>chi2 = 0.0000 (V_b-V_B is not positive definite) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, be i(pairid) Between regression (regression on group means) Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0470 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.7112 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6875 max = 29 F(15,5366) = 880.92 sd(u_i + avg(e_i.))= 1.889602 Prob > F = 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .9622913 .0167034 57.61 0.000 .9295458 .9950368 lrgdppc | .3741906 .0278355 13.44 0.000 .3196217 .4287595 ldist | -1.201041 .0399803 -30.04 0.000 -1.279419 -1.122664 ldemoc | -.0123567 .0116184 -1.06 0.288 -.0351334 .01042 comlang | .5431304 .0742471 7.32 0.000 .3975759 .6886849 border | .7786541 .1830391 4.25 0.000 .4198231 1.137485 regional | .6237317 .2940391 2.12 0.034 .0472956 1.200168 landl | -.3317247 .0527918 -6.28 0.000 -.435218 -.2282313 ltariffs | -.1508861 .0142442 -10.59 0.000 -.1788104 -.1229617 island | .0796391 .0640544 1.24 0.214 -.0459335 .2052117 custrict | 1.773111 .3070837 5.77 0.000 1.171102 2.37512 lareap | -.0606741 .0147076 -4.13 0.000 -.089507 -.0318412 comcol | .2352334 .1085999 2.17 0.030 .0223334 .4481334 curcol | -.4223089 7.607987 -0.06 0.956 -15.33705 14.49244 colony | 1.342983 .2179248 6.16 0.000 .9157623 1.770205 comctry | (dropped) _cons | -30.92922 .7147304 -43.27 0.000 -32.33039 -29.52806 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdp comlang border regional landl ltariffs island > custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0499 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6066 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5877 max = 29 F(8,5381) = 289271.75 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.6094 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3099224 .0584363 5.30 0.000 .1953635 .4244813 lrgdppc | .2329419 .072258 3.22 0.001 .091287 .3745968 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | -.6825645 .1389649 -4.91 0.000 -.9549919 -.4101371 ldemocgdp | .014341 .0028094 5.10 0.000 .0088333 .0198486 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .285857 .0592625 4.82 0.000 .1696785 .4020355 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0527127 .0068843 -7.66 0.000 -.0662087 -.0392167 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0567248 .176991 -0.32 0.749 -.4036989 .2902492 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.927968 .0141111 -278.36 0.000 -3.955632 -3.900305 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -8.134903 1.842029 -4.42 0.000 -11.74603 -4.52378 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7400424 sigma_e | 1.0459557 rho | .87281543 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P3c, title(Panel, P3c) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdp comlang border regional landl ltariffs island > custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0480 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6816 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6462 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 8.08e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6889241 .0204687 33.66 0.000 .6488061 .7290421 lrgdppc | .1970153 .0270641 7.28 0.000 .1439706 .25006 ldist | -1.25475 .0381112 -32.92 0.000 -1.329447 -1.180054 ldemoc | -.2440436 .1170037 -2.09 0.037 -.4733666 -.0147206 ldemocgdp | .0051318 .0023694 2.17 0.030 .0004878 .0097757 comlang | .3732685 .0767657 4.86 0.000 .2228105 .5237264 border | .7226673 .1580523 4.57 0.000 .4128905 1.032444 regional | .2046072 .0580252 3.53 0.000 .0908799 .3183344 landl | -.7302964 .0577771 -12.64 0.000 -.8435374 -.6170555 ltariffs | -.0510177 .00651 -7.84 0.000 -.0637771 -.0382584 island | .0776357 .0670351 1.16 0.247 -.0537508 .2090222 custrict | .264368 .1838792 1.44 0.151 -.0960286 .6247646 lareap | .011252 .0163527 0.69 0.491 -.0207987 .0433026 comcol | -.4170854 .1271965 -3.28 0.001 -.666386 -.1677848 curcol | -3.752436 .011401 -329.13 0.000 -3.774781 -3.73009 colony | 2.1011 .1457521 14.42 0.000 1.815431 2.386769 _cons | -16.3048 .696396 -23.41 0.000 -17.66971 -14.93988 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8142346 sigma_e | 1.0459663 rho | .75053077 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P4c, title(Panel, P4c) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdppc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0484 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5913 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5780 max = 29 F(8,5381) = 294523.56 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5954 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3153281 .0583203 5.41 0.000 .2009966 .4296595 lrgdppc | .2750538 .0741613 3.71 0.000 .1296677 .42044 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0333504 .0810404 0.41 0.681 -.1255217 .1922225 ldemocgdppc | -.0010151 .0049568 -0.20 0.838 -.0107324 .0087022 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2985781 .0617186 4.84 0.000 .1775847 .4195714 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0576611 .0069679 -8.28 0.000 -.071321 -.0440012 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0282213 .1739335 -0.16 0.871 -.3692014 .3127589 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.934218 .0141936 -277.18 0.000 -3.962044 -3.906393 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.036675 1.824769 -4.95 0.000 -12.61396 -5.459389 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7280341 sigma_e | 1.0467483 rho | .87166772 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P5c, title(Panel, P5c) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc ldemocgdppc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0472 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6828 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6457 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 8.07e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .695178 .0201837 34.44 0.000 .6556187 .7347373 lrgdppc | .2225003 .0279847 7.95 0.000 .1676513 .2773492 ldist | -1.277403 .0380376 -33.58 0.000 -1.351955 -1.20285 ldemoc | .2272147 .0690918 3.29 0.001 .0917972 .3626322 ldemocgdppc | -.0138966 .0042368 -3.28 0.001 -.0222006 -.0055926 comlang | .3875043 .0759779 5.10 0.000 .2385904 .5364182 border | .7470552 .1576411 4.74 0.000 .4380844 1.056026 regional | .2177442 .0590281 3.69 0.000 .1020511 .3334372 landl | -.6997616 .0579239 -12.08 0.000 -.8132904 -.5862329 ltariffs | -.0561063 .0065438 -8.57 0.000 -.0689319 -.0432806 island | .0854703 .0672286 1.27 0.204 -.0462953 .217236 custrict | .3216361 .1841815 1.75 0.081 -.0393529 .6826252 lareap | .018732 .0163789 1.14 0.253 -.0133701 .0508341 comcol | -.3583575 .1259745 -2.84 0.004 -.605263 -.1114519 curcol | -3.760173 .0115131 -326.60 0.000 -3.782739 -3.737608 colony | 2.068394 .1465543 14.11 0.000 1.781153 2.355636 _cons | -16.97232 .6838221 -24.82 0.000 -18.31259 -15.63206 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8147705 sigma_e | 1.046759 rho | .75035765 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store P6c, title(Panel, P6c) . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table3b.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats (r2 r2_p chi2 N, labels("R$^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$ > \chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) & P1c & P2c & P3c & P4c & P5c & > P6c \\ & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se \\ lrgdp & 0.316***& 0.694***& 0.310***& 0.689***& 0.315***& > 0.695***\\ & (0.03) & (0.02) & (0.06) & (0.02) & (0.06) & > (0.02) \\ lrgdppc & 0.272***& 0.203***& 0.233***& 0.197***& 0.275***& > 0.223***\\ & (0.05) & (0.02) & (0.07) & (0.03) & (0.07) & > (0.03) \\ ldist & 0.000 & -1.262***& 0.000 & -1.255***& 0.000 & > -1.277***\\ & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & > (0.04) \\ ldemoc & 0.017***& 0.006 & -0.683***& -0.244** & 0.033 & > 0.227***\\ & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.14) & (0.12) & (0.08) & > (0.07) \\ comlang & 0.000 & 0.381***& 0.000 & 0.373***& 0.000 & > 0.388***\\ & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & > (0.08) \\ border & 0.000 & 0.728***& 0.000 & 0.723***& 0.000 & > 0.747***\\ & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.16) & (0.00) & > (0.16) \\ regional & 0.298***& 0.211***& 0.286***& 0.205***& 0.299***& > 0.218***\\ & (0.03) & (0.03) & (0.06) & (0.06) & (0.06) & > (0.06) \\ landl & 0.000 & -0.722***& 0.000 & -0.730***& 0.000 & > -0.700***\\ & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.06) & (0.00) & > (0.06) \\ ltariffs & -0.057***& -0.053***& -0.053***& -0.051***& -0.058***& > -0.056***\\ & (0.00) & (0.00) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) \\ island & 0.000 & 0.074 & 0.000 & 0.078 & 0.000 & > 0.085 \\ & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & > (0.07) \\ custrict & -0.030 & 0.287* & -0.057 & 0.264 & -0.028 & > 0.322* \\ & (0.17) & (0.15) & (0.18) & (0.18) & (0.17) & > (0.18) \\ lareap & 0.000 & 0.014 & 0.000 & 0.011 & 0.000 & > 0.019 \\ & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & > (0.02) \\ comcol & 0.000 & -0.389***& 0.000 & -0.417***& 0.000 & > -0.358***\\ & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) & > (0.13) \\ curcol & -3.934***& -3.754***& -3.928***& -3.752***& -3.934***& > -3.760***\\ & (0.13) & (0.18) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) \\ colony & 0.000 & 2.091***& 0.000 & 2.101***& 0.000 & > 2.068***\\ & (0.00) & (0.11) & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & > (0.15) \\ comctry & 0.000 & & 0.000 & & 0.000 & > \\ & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & > \\ ldemocgdp & & & 0.014***& 0.005** & & > \\ & & & (0.00) & (0.00) & & > \\ ldemocgdppc & & & & & -0.001 & > -0.014***\\ & & & & & (0.00) & > (0.00) \\ Constant & -9.011***& -16.624***& -8.135***& -16.305***& -9.037***& > -16.972***\\ & (1.02) & (0.55) & (1.84) & (0.70) & (1.82) & > (0.68) \\ R$^2$ & 0.048 & & 0.050 & & 0.048 & > \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & & & & & > \\ $\chi^2$ & & 15134.144 & & 8.08e+06 & & 8 > .07e+06 \\ N & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54654.000 & 54 > 654.000 \\ . estimates clear . . exit end of do-file . do robust.do . /* Robustness checks for regressions */ . . /* Regressions for 5-year periods */ . preserve . gen byte sample=0 . replace sample=1 if year==1950 (809 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1955 (1014 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1960 (1874 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1965 (2658 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1970 (3771 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1975 (4422 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1980 (4644 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1985 (4922 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1990 (5104 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==1995 (5573 real changes made) . replace sample=1 if year==2000 (0 real changes made) . keep if sample==1 (146064 observations deleted) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 10782 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4370 R-sq: within = 0.0785 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6801 avg = 2.5 overall = 0.6741 max = 6 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 11249.38 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4370 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .8361914 .0174082 48.03 0.000 .8020719 .8703109 lrgdppc | .5286544 .0299818 17.63 0.000 .4698912 .5874177 ldist | -1.245912 .0393247 -31.68 0.000 -1.322987 -1.168837 bothdemoc | -.0918558 .0411749 -2.23 0.026 -.1725571 -.0111546 onedemoc | -.0791798 .0675433 -1.17 0.241 -.2115622 .0532027 comlang | .5180963 .0743254 6.97 0.000 .3724211 .6637714 border | .6233518 .1759349 3.54 0.000 .2785257 .9681778 regional | -.0022446 .0710885 -0.03 0.975 -.1415754 .1370862 landl | -.2863444 .0621791 -4.61 0.000 -.4082132 -.1644756 ltariffs | -.0549472 .0086833 -6.33 0.000 -.0719662 -.0379281 island | -.0929596 .0681078 -1.36 0.172 -.2264484 .0405292 custrict | .6563106 .2879206 2.28 0.023 .0919966 1.220625 lareap | -.0437634 .0161743 -2.71 0.007 -.0754643 -.0120624 comcol | .250068 .1416929 1.76 0.078 -.0276449 .5277809 colony | 1.66002 .1594798 10.41 0.000 1.347446 1.972595 _cons | -27.42636 .7447547 -36.83 0.000 -28.88605 -25.96667 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.7708524 sigma_e | 1.072298 rho | .73170965 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R1br, title(Robust, R1br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 10782 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4370 R-sq: within = 0.0871 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.3269 avg = 2.5 overall = 0.3268 max = 6 F(7,4369) = 124.67 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.0957 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4370 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .067831 .087273 0.78 0.437 -.1032684 .2389304 lrgdppc | 1.071523 .1337973 8.01 0.000 .8092121 1.333833 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .0861758 .0517408 1.67 0.096 -.0152624 .1876141 onedemoc | .0053348 .08398 0.06 0.949 -.1593086 .1699782 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .1920035 .0669517 2.87 0.004 .0607442 .3232629 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0209672 .0094052 -2.23 0.026 -.0394062 -.0025283 island | (dropped) custrict | -.6629141 .3556221 -1.86 0.062 -1.360114 .0342855 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -10.11802 2.458854 -4.11 0.000 -14.93863 -5.297423 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.8607476 sigma_e | 1.072298 rho | .87680951 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R1bf, title(Robust, R1bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 10782 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4370 R-sq: within = 0.0786 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6804 avg = 2.5 overall = 0.6746 max = 6 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(14) = 11235.25 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4370 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .8415767 .0174179 48.32 0.000 .8074384 .8757151 lrgdppc | .5373997 .030213 17.79 0.000 .4781834 .5966161 ldist | -1.238079 .0393964 -31.43 0.000 -1.315295 -1.160863 ldemoc | -.0332896 .009047 -3.68 0.000 -.0510214 -.0155578 comlang | .5139975 .0743045 6.92 0.000 .3683632 .6596317 border | .639604 .1763684 3.63 0.000 .2939282 .9852797 regional | -.0071498 .0718663 -0.10 0.921 -.1480051 .1337056 landl | -.2803864 .0620831 -4.52 0.000 -.402067 -.1587057 ltariffs | -.0564962 .0086758 -6.51 0.000 -.0735004 -.039492 island | -.0867364 .0679387 -1.28 0.202 -.2198937 .046421 custrict | .6333979 .2901741 2.18 0.029 .0646671 1.202129 lareap | -.0463813 .0162088 -2.86 0.004 -.0781499 -.0146127 comcol | .2507877 .141435 1.77 0.076 -.0264197 .5279952 colony | 1.65908 .158785 10.45 0.000 1.347867 1.970293 _cons | -27.8849 .7623393 -36.58 0.000 -29.37906 -26.39074 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.7713165 sigma_e | 1.0722651 rho | .73182458 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R1cr, title(Robust, R1cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 10782 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4370 R-sq: within = 0.0870 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.3117 avg = 2.5 overall = 0.3116 max = 6 F(6,4369) = 145.46 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.0705 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4370 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .0480918 .0891675 0.54 0.590 -.1267217 .2229054 lrgdppc | 1.098854 .1348185 8.15 0.000 .834541 1.363166 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0145768 .0117104 1.24 0.213 -.0083815 .0375351 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .1898332 .0661652 2.87 0.004 .0601157 .3195506 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0207629 .0093683 -2.22 0.027 -.0391296 -.0023963 island | (dropped) custrict | -.6536851 .3524312 -1.85 0.064 -1.344629 .0372588 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.586203 2.541729 -3.77 0.000 -14.56928 -4.603126 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.8857842 sigma_e | 1.0722651 rho | .87868614 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R1cf, title(Robust, R1cf) . restore . . /* Regressions for pre-1990 and post-1990 */ . preserve . keep if year<1990 (53262 observations deleted) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 36520 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4442 R-sq: within = 0.0149 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6689 avg = 8.2 overall = 0.6556 max = 20 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 9.99e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4442 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .609569 .0222697 27.37 0.000 .5659213 .6532168 lrgdppc | .5989409 .0349954 17.11 0.000 .5303512 .6675307 ldist | -1.241325 .0430605 -28.83 0.000 -1.325722 -1.156928 bothdemoc | -.0656511 .0388994 -1.69 0.091 -.1418926 .0105904 onedemoc | .0319115 .0502308 0.64 0.525 -.0665391 .1303622 comlang | .3916381 .079464 4.93 0.000 .2358916 .5473846 border | .8480084 .1674156 5.07 0.000 .5198798 1.176137 regional | .144829 .0678348 2.14 0.033 .0118752 .2777828 landl | -.4487583 .06616 -6.78 0.000 -.5784294 -.3190872 ltariffs | -.0522962 .0102537 -5.10 0.000 -.0723931 -.0321994 island | .0333023 .0723919 0.46 0.645 -.1085833 .1751878 custrict | .3481542 .2132661 1.63 0.103 -.0698396 .766148 lareap | .0545861 .018071 3.02 0.003 .0191676 .0900045 comcol | -.0589512 .1330175 -0.44 0.658 -.3196606 .2017582 curcol | -3.703359 .0254225 -145.67 0.000 -3.753186 -3.653532 colony | 2.039938 .1531126 13.32 0.000 1.739843 2.340033 _cons | -20.1703 .8228037 -24.51 0.000 -21.78296 -18.55763 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8991942 sigma_e | .99260729 rho | .7854476 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R2br, title(Robust, R2br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 36520 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4442 R-sq: within = 0.0272 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.0440 avg = 8.2 overall = 0.0385 max = 20 F(8,4441) = 56.39 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.3713 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4442 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | -.4519056 .0848936 -5.32 0.000 -.6183394 -.2854718 lrgdppc | 1.466375 .1245904 11.77 0.000 1.222116 1.710634 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | -.0300379 .0418628 -0.72 0.473 -.1121098 .052034 onedemoc | .0349703 .0557208 0.63 0.530 -.0742702 .1442107 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2301134 .065565 3.51 0.000 .1015732 .3586535 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0094245 .0110238 -0.85 0.393 -.0310365 .0121876 island | (dropped) custrict | .0421959 .1866441 0.23 0.821 -.3237195 .4081114 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.940745 .0298953 -131.82 0.000 -3.999355 -3.882135 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | 8.808497 2.453653 3.59 0.000 3.998114 13.61888 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.6229307 sigma_e | .99259181 rho | .93017873 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R2bf, title(Robust, R2bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 36520 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4442 R-sq: within = 0.0149 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6687 avg = 8.2 overall = 0.6551 max = 20 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(14) = 9.99e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4442 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6088455 .0222634 27.35 0.000 .5652101 .6524809 lrgdppc | .5963166 .0351128 16.98 0.000 .5274967 .6651365 ldist | -1.238303 .043097 -28.73 0.000 -1.322771 -1.153834 ldemoc | -.0003013 .0072387 -0.04 0.967 -.0144888 .0138863 comlang | .3895789 .0795916 4.89 0.000 .2335823 .5455755 border | .8422235 .167349 5.03 0.000 .5142254 1.170222 regional | .1438126 .0677097 2.12 0.034 .0111041 .2765211 landl | -.4487785 .0662592 -6.77 0.000 -.578644 -.3189129 ltariffs | -.0520606 .0102574 -5.08 0.000 -.0721647 -.0319565 island | .0291387 .0721654 0.40 0.686 -.1123028 .1705803 custrict | .3483561 .2136785 1.63 0.103 -.0704461 .7671583 lareap | .054149 .0180736 3.00 0.003 .0187254 .0895725 comcol | -.0641587 .1330943 -0.48 0.630 -.3250187 .1967014 curcol | -3.736933 .0148237 -252.09 0.000 -3.765987 -3.707879 colony | 2.042522 .1534602 13.31 0.000 1.741746 2.343298 _cons | -20.09637 .8359856 -24.04 0.000 -21.73487 -18.45787 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8998412 sigma_e | .9926125 rho | .78556061 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R2cr, title(Robust, R2cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 36520 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 4442 R-sq: within = 0.0272 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.0436 avg = 8.2 overall = 0.0383 max = 20 F(7,4441) = 65.84 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.3722 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 4442 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | -.4535568 .0848066 -5.35 0.000 -.6198201 -.2872936 lrgdppc | 1.465183 .124389 11.78 0.000 1.221319 1.709048 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0032871 .0079783 0.41 0.680 -.0123543 .0189286 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2316159 .0654185 3.54 0.000 .103363 .3598688 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0092138 .0110365 -0.83 0.404 -.0308509 .0124232 island | (dropped) custrict | .045021 .1864579 0.24 0.809 -.3205294 .4105713 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.957915 .0192068 -206.07 0.000 -3.99557 -3.92026 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | 8.924822 2.459329 3.63 0.000 4.103312 13.74633 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.6247991 sigma_e | .99259702 rho | .93024499 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R2cf, title(Robust, R2cf) . restore . preserve . keep if year>=1990 (127593 observations deleted) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 18134 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3671 R-sq: within = 0.0222 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6960 avg = 4.9 overall = 0.6761 max = 9 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 7508.99 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3671 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | 1.019164 .0208965 48.77 0.000 .9782076 1.06012 lrgdppc | -.2594711 .0261259 -9.93 0.000 -.310677 -.2082652 ldist | -1.267616 .0431986 -29.34 0.000 -1.352284 -1.182949 bothdemoc | .2115304 .0471997 4.48 0.000 .1190207 .3040401 onedemoc | .2997484 .0875065 3.43 0.001 .1282387 .4712581 comlang | .4540045 .0917886 4.95 0.000 .2741022 .6339068 border | .5522903 .2142866 2.58 0.010 .1322962 .9722844 regional | .1944199 .0864345 2.25 0.024 .0250114 .3638285 landl | -.5784865 .0681987 -8.48 0.000 -.7121536 -.4448195 ltariffs | -.101478 .0073358 -13.83 0.000 -.1158559 -.0871001 island | .2266772 .0761907 2.98 0.003 .0773462 .3760081 custrict | 1.186706 .4646937 2.55 0.011 .2759234 2.097489 lareap | -.1267601 .0189624 -6.68 0.000 -.1639258 -.0895944 comcol | -.236729 .1704113 -1.39 0.165 -.5707289 .097271 colony | 1.077128 .2515062 4.28 0.000 .5841852 1.570072 _cons | -21.87114 .7558408 -28.94 0.000 -23.35256 -20.38972 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.7005551 sigma_e | .83462475 rho | .80587957 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R3br, title(Robust, R3br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 18134 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3671 R-sq: within = 0.0427 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.2927 avg = 4.9 overall = 0.2753 max = 9 F(6,3670) = 63.96 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.6551 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3671 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | 1.7644 .1491319 11.83 0.000 1.472011 2.05679 lrgdppc | -1.589691 .1526448 -10.41 0.000 -1.888968 -1.290414 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .038373 .0579134 0.66 0.508 -.0751727 .1519187 onedemoc | -.020742 .1111252 -0.19 0.852 -.2386152 .1971312 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .1674451 .0612858 2.73 0.006 .0472875 .2876026 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0299981 .0077824 -3.85 0.000 -.0452564 -.0147398 island | (dropped) custrict | (dropped) lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -49.96679 4.892179 -10.21 0.000 -59.55845 -40.37514 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.5908554 sigma_e | .83459588 rho | .94874837 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R3bf, title(Robust, R3bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 18134 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3671 R-sq: within = 0.0208 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6983 avg = 4.9 overall = 0.6787 max = 9 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(14) = 7463.89 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3671 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | 1.012295 .0209046 48.42 0.000 .9713231 1.053268 lrgdppc | -.250899 .0261169 -9.61 0.000 -.3020873 -.1997107 ldist | -1.270677 .0428642 -29.64 0.000 -1.354689 -1.186664 ldemoc | .0696747 .0122015 5.71 0.000 .0457602 .0935892 comlang | .4583067 .0912186 5.02 0.000 .2795216 .6370918 border | .5294138 .2114549 2.50 0.012 .1149698 .9438578 regional | .2176412 .0866959 2.51 0.012 .0477204 .387562 landl | -.5685001 .0683886 -8.31 0.000 -.7025392 -.4344609 ltariffs | -.0993919 .0073787 -13.47 0.000 -.1138538 -.08493 island | .2245782 .0756728 2.97 0.003 .0762622 .3728942 custrict | 1.232872 .4613027 2.67 0.008 .3287354 2.137009 lareap | -.1229113 .0188668 -6.51 0.000 -.1598895 -.0859331 comcol | -.2323367 .1683187 -1.38 0.167 -.5622354 .0975619 colony | 1.093032 .2501366 4.37 0.000 .6027728 1.58329 _cons | -21.54673 .7528225 -28.62 0.000 -23.02223 -20.07122 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.70101 sigma_e | .83306036 rho | .80654936 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R3cr, title(Robust, R3cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 18134 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3671 R-sq: within = 0.0463 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.2668 avg = 4.9 overall = 0.2542 max = 9 F(5,3670) = 77.09 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.7235 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3671 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | 1.952682 .1542728 12.66 0.000 1.650213 2.255151 lrgdppc | -1.799951 .1584277 -11.36 0.000 -2.110566 -1.489336 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | -.0872206 .0180658 -4.83 0.000 -.1226407 -.0518006 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .1749559 .0622981 2.81 0.005 .0528135 .2970983 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0285683 .0077966 -3.66 0.000 -.0438543 -.0132822 island | (dropped) custrict | (dropped) lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -55.59398 5.052538 -11.00 0.000 -65.50004 -45.68792 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.9660325 sigma_e | .83303155 rho | .95774666 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R3cf, title(Robust, R3cf) . restore . . /* Regressions for developed and developing countries */ . preserve . keep if cty1<200 & cty2<200 (167633 observations deleted) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: onedemoc dropped due to collinearity note: comcol dropped due to collinearity note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 4320 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 267 R-sq: within = 0.2920 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.8481 avg = 16.2 overall = 0.8119 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(12) = 1748.08 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 267 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7730931 .0446337 17.32 0.000 .6856125 .8605736 lrgdppc | -.2779664 .0613718 -4.53 0.000 -.398253 -.1576799 ldist | -1.012123 .0844072 -11.99 0.000 -1.177558 -.8466876 bothdemoc | .4331739 .1092636 3.96 0.000 .2190212 .6473266 comlang | .5583949 .1742003 3.21 0.001 .2169686 .8998212 border | .0123523 .2891155 0.04 0.966 -.5543036 .5790083 regional | .3321935 .0777196 4.27 0.000 .1798658 .4845212 landl | .0945683 .1339159 0.71 0.480 -.1679019 .3570386 ltariffs | -.0092853 .0086022 -1.08 0.280 -.0261454 .0075747 island | .5951305 .1416737 4.20 0.000 .3174552 .8728057 custrict | .0308595 .0311176 0.99 0.321 -.0301299 .0918489 lareap | .0637062 .0421493 1.51 0.131 -.018905 .1463173 colony | .5746609 .4071823 1.41 0.158 -.2234018 1.372724 _cons | -14.35502 1.475926 -9.73 0.000 -17.24778 -11.46226 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | .64961607 sigma_e | .34063631 rho | .78433878 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R4br, title(Robust, R4br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 4320 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 267 R-sq: within = 0.2935 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6839 avg = 16.2 overall = 0.6430 max = 29 F(6,266) = 30.44 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.3243 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 267 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .5871126 .285477 2.06 0.041 .0250305 1.149195 lrgdppc | -.1279852 .3414712 -0.37 0.708 -.8003155 .5443451 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .4429983 .1001125 4.43 0.000 .2458846 .640112 onedemoc | (dropped) comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .344407 .0782047 4.40 0.000 .1904281 .498386 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0159521 .0093294 -1.71 0.088 -.034321 .0024168 island | (dropped) custrict | .0305136 .0146199 2.09 0.038 .0017281 .0592991 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -13.53017 8.577462 -1.58 0.116 -30.41853 3.358183 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.2725404 sigma_e | .34063631 rho | .93313724 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R4bf, title(Robust, R4bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comcol dropped due to collinearity note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 4320 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 267 R-sq: within = 0.2912 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.8495 avg = 16.2 overall = 0.8137 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(12) = 1883.63 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 267 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7665816 .0479961 15.97 0.000 .6725109 .8606522 lrgdppc | -.2852556 .0634206 -4.50 0.000 -.4095577 -.1609535 ldist | -1.001817 .0841879 -11.90 0.000 -1.166823 -.836812 ldemoc | .2778453 .0635186 4.37 0.000 .1533512 .4023394 comlang | .5501241 .1739493 3.16 0.002 .2091898 .8910583 border | .034604 .2871578 0.12 0.904 -.528215 .597423 regional | .3236625 .0772148 4.19 0.000 .1723243 .4750007 landl | .0825339 .1331302 0.62 0.535 -.1783965 .3434644 ltariffs | -.0071767 .0086628 -0.83 0.407 -.0241555 .009802 island | .5607937 .1451105 3.86 0.000 .2763824 .8452051 custrict | .0250217 .028144 0.89 0.374 -.0301396 .080183 lareap | .0661231 .0435574 1.52 0.129 -.0192479 .1514941 colony | .5740679 .4061575 1.41 0.158 -.2219863 1.370122 _cons | -14.84334 1.564292 -9.49 0.000 -17.90929 -11.77738 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | .69726872 sigma_e | .34081387 rho | .8071612 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R4cr, title(Robust, R4cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 4320 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 267 R-sq: within = 0.2927 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6967 avg = 16.2 overall = 0.6569 max = 29 F(6,266) = 34.60 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.3981 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 267 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .5478994 .2921514 1.88 0.062 -.027324 1.123123 lrgdppc | -.0816881 .3482245 -0.23 0.815 -.7673151 .6039389 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .2838694 .0542694 5.23 0.000 .1770172 .3907215 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .3305509 .0765014 4.32 0.000 .1799256 .4811762 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0132557 .0094031 -1.41 0.160 -.0317697 .0052582 island | (dropped) custrict | .0251515 .0146779 1.71 0.088 -.0037481 .0540512 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -13.21511 8.791203 -1.50 0.134 -30.5243 4.094091 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.2918425 sigma_e | .34081387 rho | .93492809 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R4cf, title(Robust, R4cf) . restore . preserve . keep if cty1>200 & cty2>200 (96149 observations deleted) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 25034 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3021 R-sq: within = 0.0384 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5510 avg = 8.3 overall = 0.5101 max = 28 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 3373.78 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3021 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7512634 .0279009 26.93 0.000 .6965786 .8059482 lrgdppc | -.0262115 .0384389 -0.68 0.495 -.1015503 .0491274 ldist | -1.278846 .0519885 -24.60 0.000 -1.380741 -1.17695 bothdemoc | .0890382 .0500448 1.78 0.075 -.0090479 .1871242 onedemoc | -.1488568 .0449888 -3.31 0.001 -.2370332 -.0606804 comlang | .2144395 .1056712 2.03 0.042 .0073278 .4215512 border | 1.212742 .1959164 6.19 0.000 .8287531 1.596731 regional | .4236108 .1193782 3.55 0.000 .1896339 .6575877 landl | -.8296775 .0777121 -10.68 0.000 -.9819905 -.6773645 ltariffs | -.2094734 .0185513 -11.29 0.000 -.2458332 -.1731136 island | -.1909243 .0961897 -1.98 0.047 -.3794527 -.0023959 custrict | .3046554 .2410233 1.26 0.206 -.1677415 .7770523 lareap | -.0882694 .0252226 -3.50 0.000 -.1377047 -.0388341 comcol | .3434172 .1339585 2.56 0.010 .0808633 .605971 colony | .3692355 .4015329 0.92 0.358 -.4177545 1.156225 _cons | -12.9438 .9191615 -14.08 0.000 -14.74532 -11.14227 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.9767321 sigma_e | 1.302048 rho | .69741391 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R5br, title(Robust, R5br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 25034 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3021 R-sq: within = 0.0398 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.3736 avg = 8.3 overall = 0.3431 max = 28 F(7,3020) = 73.50 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.3538 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3021 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3646375 .0727533 5.01 0.000 .2219865 .5072885 lrgdppc | .1617938 .0869186 1.86 0.063 -.0086318 .3322194 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .189487 .0563494 3.36 0.001 .0789999 .2999741 onedemoc | -.0566309 .0499562 -1.13 0.257 -.1545825 .0413207 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .4166659 .1088682 3.83 0.000 .2032026 .6301291 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.1921444 .0214025 -8.98 0.000 -.2341093 -.1501795 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0850304 .253309 -0.34 0.737 -.5817059 .4116451 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.796582 2.36161 -4.15 0.000 -14.42711 -5.166056 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7142498 sigma_e | 1.3020184 rho | .81293574 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R5bf, title(Robust, R5bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 25034 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3021 R-sq: within = 0.0377 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5504 avg = 8.3 overall = 0.5091 max = 28 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(14) = 3344.60 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3021 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .7532247 .027822 27.07 0.000 .6986945 .8077549 lrgdppc | -.0281021 .0382037 -0.74 0.462 -.10298 .0467758 ldist | -1.283792 .0520911 -24.65 0.000 -1.385889 -1.181695 ldemoc | -.0104339 .0077856 -1.34 0.180 -.0256934 .0048257 comlang | .2213508 .1055417 2.10 0.036 .0144928 .4282087 border | 1.215312 .1963855 6.19 0.000 .8304031 1.60022 regional | .3985391 .1209623 3.29 0.001 .1614572 .6356209 landl | -.8282023 .0777048 -10.66 0.000 -.9805009 -.6759037 ltariffs | -.2116543 .0185299 -11.42 0.000 -.2479722 -.1753363 island | -.200065 .0958201 -2.09 0.037 -.3878689 -.0122611 custrict | .3165741 .2409331 1.31 0.189 -.1556462 .7887944 lareap | -.0893646 .0252446 -3.54 0.000 -.1388431 -.039886 comcol | .3424908 .1339991 2.56 0.011 .0798573 .6051243 colony | .3374285 .4229228 0.80 0.425 -.4914849 1.166342 _cons | -13.00638 .9256423 -14.05 0.000 -14.8206 -11.19215 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.9800916 sigma_e | 1.3026713 rho | .69792835 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R5cr, title(Robust, R5cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 25034 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 3021 R-sq: within = 0.0388 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.3707 avg = 8.3 overall = 0.3416 max = 28 F(6,3020) = 82.27 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.3530 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 3021 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3580017 .0758548 4.72 0.000 .2092694 .5067341 lrgdppc | .1733675 .0898374 1.93 0.054 -.0027811 .3495161 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0100346 .0093676 1.07 0.284 -.008333 .0284022 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .414329 .110818 3.74 0.000 .1970427 .6316154 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.1929206 .0213295 -9.04 0.000 -.2347425 -.1510987 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0670915 .250753 -0.27 0.789 -.5587555 .4245725 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -9.654159 2.468527 -3.91 0.000 -14.49432 -4.813996 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7178239 sigma_e | 1.3026417 rho | .81319027 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R5cf, title(Robust, R5cf) . restore . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table4a.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f) keep(bothdemoc ldemoc)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats (r2 r2_p chi2 N, labels("R > $^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$\chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) & R1br & R1bf & R1cr & R1cf & R2br & > R2bf & R2cr & R2cf & R3br & R3bf & R3cr & > R3cf & R4br & R4bf & R4cr & R4cf & R5br & > R5bf & R5cr & R5cf \\ & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se \\ lrgdp & (0.02) & (0.09) & (0.02) & (0.09) & (0.02) & > (0.08) & (0.02) & (0.08) & (0.02) & (0.15) & (0.02) & > (0.15) & (0.04) & (0.29) & (0.05) & (0.29) & (0.03) & > (0.07) & (0.03) & (0.08) \\ lrgdppc & (0.03) & (0.13) & (0.03) & (0.13) & (0.03) & > (0.12) & (0.04) & (0.12) & (0.03) & (0.15) & (0.03) & > (0.16) & (0.06) & (0.34) & (0.06) & (0.35) & (0.04) & > (0.09) & (0.04) & (0.09) \\ ldist & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & > (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & > (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.05) & > (0.00) & (0.05) & (0.00) \\ bothdemoc & -0.092** & 0.086* & & & -0.066* & > -0.030 & & & 0.212***& 0.038 & & > & 0.433***& 0.443***& & & 0.089* & > 0.189***& & \\ & (0.04) & (0.05) & & & (0.04) & > (0.04) & & & (0.05) & (0.06) & & > & (0.11) & (0.10) & & & (0.05) & > (0.06) & & \\ onedemoc & (0.07) & (0.08) & & & (0.05) & > (0.06) & & & (0.09) & (0.11) & & > & & (0.00) & & & (0.04) & > (0.05) & & \\ comlang & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.08) & > (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.09) & (0.00) & (0.09) & > (0.00) & (0.17) & (0.00) & (0.17) & (0.00) & (0.11) & > (0.00) & (0.11) & (0.00) \\ border & (0.18) & (0.00) & (0.18) & (0.00) & (0.17) & > (0.00) & (0.17) & (0.00) & (0.21) & (0.00) & (0.21) & > (0.00) & (0.29) & (0.00) & (0.29) & (0.00) & (0.20) & > (0.00) & (0.20) & (0.00) \\ regional & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & > (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.09) & (0.06) & (0.09) & > (0.06) & (0.08) & (0.08) & (0.08) & (0.08) & (0.12) & > (0.11) & (0.12) & (0.11) \\ landl & (0.06) & (0.00) & (0.06) & (0.00) & (0.07) & > (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & > (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) & (0.08) & > (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) \\ ltariffs & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.01) & (0.02) & > (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) \\ island & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & > (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & > (0.00) & (0.14) & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.10) & > (0.00) & (0.10) & (0.00) \\ custrict & (0.29) & (0.36) & (0.29) & (0.35) & (0.21) & > (0.19) & (0.21) & (0.19) & (0.46) & (0.00) & (0.46) & > (0.00) & (0.03) & (0.01) & (0.03) & (0.01) & (0.24) & > (0.25) & (0.24) & (0.25) \\ lareap & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & > (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & > (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.03) & > (0.00) & (0.03) & (0.00) \\ comcol & (0.14) & (0.00) & (0.14) & (0.00) & (0.13) & > (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) & (0.17) & (0.00) & (0.17) & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & (0.13) & > (0.00) & (0.13) & (0.00) \\ colony & (0.16) & (0.00) & (0.16) & (0.00) & (0.15) & > (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.25) & (0.00) & (0.25) & > (0.00) & (0.41) & (0.00) & (0.41) & (0.00) & (0.40) & > (0.00) & (0.42) & (0.00) \\ curcol & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & (0.03) & > (0.03) & (0.01) & (0.02) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ comctry & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ ldemoc & & & -0.033***& 0.015 & & > & -0.000 & 0.003 & & & 0.070***& > -0.087***& & & 0.278***& 0.284***& & > & -0.010 & 0.010 \\ & & & (0.01) & (0.01) & & > & (0.01) & (0.01) & & & (0.01) & > (0.02) & & & (0.06) & (0.05) & & > & (0.01) & (0.01) \\ Constant & (0.74) & (2.46) & (0.76) & (2.54) & (0.82) & > (2.45) & (0.84) & (2.46) & (0.76) & (4.89) & (0.75) & > (5.05) & (1.48) & (8.58) & (1.56) & (8.79) & (0.92) & > (2.36) & (0.93) & (2.47) \\ R$^2$ & & 0.087 & & 0.087 & & > 0.027 & & 0.027 & & 0.043 & & > 0.046 & & 0.293 & & 0.293 & & > 0.040 & & 0.039 \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & & & & & > & & & & & & > & & & & & & > & & \\ $\chi^2$ & 11249.383 & & 11235.248 & & 9.99e+06 & > & 9.99e+06 & & 7508.992 & & 7463.888 & > & 1748.084 & & 1883.627 & & 3373.783 & > & 3344.601 & \\ N & 10782.000 & 10782.000 & 10782.000 & 10782.000 & 36520.000 & 36 > 520.000 & 36520.000 & 36520.000 & 18134.000 & 18134.000 & 18134.000 & 18 > 134.000 & 4320.000 & 4320.000 & 4320.000 & 4320.000 & 25034.000 & 25 > 034.000 & 25034.000 & 25034.000 \\ . estimates clear . . /* Regressions using alternative indicator of openness */ . . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl lopen island c > ustrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1685 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5883 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.5143 max = 49 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(16) = 10900.67 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3208049 .0201095 15.95 0.000 .281391 .3602187 lrgdppc | .4270397 .0283631 15.06 0.000 .3714491 .4826302 ldist | -1.308134 .0410761 -31.85 0.000 -1.388642 -1.227627 bothdemoc | .0402132 .0220531 1.82 0.068 -.00301 .0834364 onedemoc | .1429477 .030673 4.66 0.000 .0828297 .2030656 comlang | .2172886 .0790586 2.75 0.006 .0623365 .3722406 border | .648735 .1524227 4.26 0.000 .3499919 .947478 regional | .6305731 .0671623 9.39 0.000 .4989373 .7622088 landl | -1.034196 .0526817 -19.63 0.000 -1.13745 -.9309417 lopen | .2434655 .0187589 12.98 0.000 .2066988 .2802323 island | .1898821 .0736025 2.58 0.010 .0456239 .3341403 custrict | .687787 .1513004 4.55 0.000 .3912438 .9843303 lareap | .2644264 .0167192 15.82 0.000 .2316575 .2971954 comcol | -.6733031 .1183802 -5.69 0.000 -.905324 -.4412821 curcol | -1.591993 1.264628 -1.26 0.208 -4.070619 .886632 colony | 2.740082 .1549047 17.69 0.000 2.436474 3.04369 _cons | -10.38582 .5369916 -19.34 0.000 -11.4383 -9.333332 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8531787 sigma_e | 1.210373 rho | .70097553 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R6br, title(Robust, R6br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl lopen island c > ustrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1744 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.1950 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.1618 max = 49 F(8,7072) = 647.10 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.0169 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .0030508 .0326791 0.09 0.926 -.0610101 .0671117 lrgdppc | .7068812 .0454624 15.55 0.000 .6177612 .7960012 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .0845114 .0223767 3.78 0.000 .0406463 .1283765 onedemoc | .179358 .0323992 5.54 0.000 .1158458 .2428702 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .6277751 .0749798 8.37 0.000 .4807924 .7747579 landl | (dropped) lopen | .4598689 .0212495 21.64 0.000 .4182135 .5015243 island | (dropped) custrict | .6418282 .1517121 4.23 0.000 .3444271 .9392294 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -1.75641 1.281896 -1.37 0.171 -4.269309 .7564891 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -4.727332 .8751392 -5.40 0.000 -6.442867 -3.011797 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.2322808 sigma_e | 1.2103684 rho | .87702198 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R6bf, title(Robust, R6bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl lopen island custrict lare > ap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1683 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5895 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.5154 max = 49 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 10921.40 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3218168 .0202189 15.92 0.000 .2821886 .3614451 lrgdppc | .4281847 .0284912 15.03 0.000 .3723429 .4840266 ldist | -1.308455 .0410427 -31.88 0.000 -1.388897 -1.228013 ldemoc | .0195847 .0039512 4.96 0.000 .0118405 .0273289 comlang | .2134504 .0790387 2.70 0.007 .0585375 .3683634 border | .6369884 .1522452 4.18 0.000 .3385933 .9353835 regional | .6226096 .0668417 9.31 0.000 .4916023 .7536169 landl | -1.028707 .0526331 -19.54 0.000 -1.131866 -.9255483 lopen | .2411587 .0188564 12.79 0.000 .2042008 .2781166 island | .194594 .0732798 2.66 0.008 .0509682 .3382198 custrict | .6833736 .1495964 4.57 0.000 .39017 .9765772 lareap | .2638521 .0167217 15.78 0.000 .2310782 .2966261 comcol | -.6800735 .1180062 -5.76 0.000 -.9113615 -.4487855 curcol | -1.597741 1.274199 -1.25 0.210 -4.095125 .899644 colony | 2.751344 .154885 17.76 0.000 2.447775 3.054913 _cons | -10.31515 .5409015 -19.07 0.000 -11.3753 -9.255001 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.851053 sigma_e | 1.2106318 rho | .70040446 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R6cr, title(Robust, R6cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl lopen island custrict lare > ap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1740 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.2025 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.1669 max = 49 F(7,7072) = 737.66 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.0277 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .0092512 .0328886 0.28 0.778 -.0552204 .0737227 lrgdppc | .7030646 .0457395 15.37 0.000 .6134014 .7927277 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0256361 .004146 6.18 0.000 .0175088 .0337634 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .6229005 .0746615 8.34 0.000 .4765416 .7692594 landl | (dropped) lopen | .4582676 .0213597 21.45 0.000 .4163963 .500139 island | (dropped) custrict | .638515 .1496147 4.27 0.000 .3452254 .9318047 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -1.740646 1.290684 -1.35 0.178 -4.270773 .7894809 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -4.815405 .8862621 -5.43 0.000 -6.552744 -3.078066 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.2216128 sigma_e | 1.2106272 rho | .87626073 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R6cf, title(Robust, R6cf) . . /* Regressions with strict democracy definition */ . preserve . gen bothdemocs=0 . label variable bothdemocs "Dummy when Both Countries are Strict Democracies" . replace bothdemocs=1 if (democ1>7) & (democ2>7) (28965 real changes made) . gen onedemocs=0 . label variable onedemoc "Dummy when One Country is Strict Democracy" . replace onedemocs=1 if (democ1>7) | (democ2>7) (121324 real changes made) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemocs onedemocs comlang border regional landl ltariffs isl > and custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0483 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.6839 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.6463 max = 29 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(15) = 8.10e+06 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .6868563 .0201852 34.03 0.000 .6472941 .7264185 lrgdppc | .1963503 .027395 7.17 0.000 .1426571 .2500434 ldist | -1.259149 .0377996 -33.31 0.000 -1.333235 -1.185063 bothdemocs | .0837502 .0307849 2.72 0.007 .0234129 .1440876 onedemocs | .2000591 .0450008 4.45 0.000 .1118591 .2882591 comlang | .3892447 .0761153 5.11 0.000 .2400615 .538428 border | .7388363 .1573378 4.70 0.000 .43046 1.047213 regional | .1947582 .0577169 3.37 0.001 .0816352 .3078813 landl | -.7321781 .0572135 -12.80 0.000 -.8443144 -.6200418 ltariffs | -.0515246 .0065246 -7.90 0.000 -.0643126 -.0387366 island | .0414218 .0668855 0.62 0.536 -.0896714 .172515 custrict | .305399 .1848657 1.65 0.099 -.056931 .6677291 lareap | .0166926 .0163898 1.02 0.308 -.0154307 .0488159 comcol | -.3450971 .1269085 -2.72 0.007 -.5938333 -.0963609 curcol | -3.751879 .0106454 -352.44 0.000 -3.772744 -3.731015 colony | 2.040095 .1466449 13.91 0.000 1.752676 2.327514 _cons | -16.42816 .6588141 -24.94 0.000 -17.71942 -15.13691 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.809328 sigma_e | 1.0461959 rho | .74943283 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R7br, title(Robust, R7br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemocs onedemocs comlang border regional landl ltariffs isl > and custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 54654 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 5382 R-sq: within = 0.0495 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5868 avg = 10.2 overall = 0.5723 max = 29 F(8,5381) = 160.14 corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5834 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 5382 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .3102235 .0556561 5.57 0.000 .201115 .419332 lrgdppc | .2802932 .0701631 3.99 0.000 .1427451 .4178412 ldist | (dropped) bothdemocs | .1164752 .0337231 3.45 0.001 .0503643 .182586 onedemocs | .1578133 .0498302 3.17 0.002 .0601259 .2555006 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .2854898 .0605229 4.72 0.000 .1668404 .4041392 landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.0582684 .0070193 -8.30 0.000 -.072029 -.0445077 island | (dropped) custrict | -.0337641 .1750649 -0.19 0.847 -.3769621 .3094339 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -3.926737 .0125049 -314.02 0.000 -3.951251 -3.902222 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -8.999957 1.733235 -5.19 0.000 -12.3978 -5.602114 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 2.7221204 sigma_e | 1.0461853 rho | .87130213 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R7bf, title(Robust, R7bf) . restore . . /* Regressions controlling for policy & political stability */ . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry lgovtcris lcorrupti, re robust cluster(pairid) note: custrict dropped due to collinearity note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: colony dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 218 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 33 R-sq: within = 0.0853 Obs per group: min = 2 between = 0.9348 avg = 6.6 overall = 0.8966 max = 10 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(13) = 6154.59 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 33 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .4315718 .3294931 1.31 0.190 -.2142228 1.077366 lrgdppc | .1832009 .4002725 0.46 0.647 -.6013187 .9677205 ldist | -1.811391 .5273545 -3.43 0.001 -2.844987 -.7777951 bothdemoc | .7095885 .260405 2.72 0.006 .1992041 1.219973 onedemoc | -.2360585 .337755 -0.70 0.485 -.8980461 .4259291 comlang | 1.766193 .5665238 3.12 0.002 .6558269 2.876559 border | -1.492355 .8616854 -1.73 0.083 -3.181227 .1965176 regional | 4.911326 1.156455 4.25 0.000 2.644716 7.177936 landl | -1.039282 .5319692 -1.95 0.051 -2.081923 .003358 ltariffs | -.3103969 .2286259 -1.36 0.175 -.7584955 .1377016 island | .2272704 1.266963 0.18 0.858 -2.255932 2.710473 lareap | .4980052 .3924735 1.27 0.204 -.2712287 1.267239 comcol | -2.562758 .671821 -3.81 0.000 -3.879503 -1.246013 lgovtcris | -.0379012 .5262542 -0.07 0.943 -1.06934 .993538 lcorrupti | -.056492 1.134445 -0.05 0.960 -2.279963 2.166979 _cons | -9.472593 6.114197 -1.55 0.121 -21.4562 2.511012 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | .96774048 sigma_e | .6535533 rho | .68677387 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R8br, title(Robust, R8br) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist bothdemoc onedemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs islan > d custrict lareap comcol curcol colony comctry lgovtcris lcorrupti, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 218 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 33 R-sq: within = 0.1085 Obs per group: min = 2 between = 0.0000 avg = 6.6 overall = 0.0020 max = 10 F(5,32) = 8.43 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.6894 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 33 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | -.9650333 .7218569 -1.34 0.191 -2.435408 .5053411 lrgdppc | 1.6851 .7680414 2.19 0.036 .1206507 3.249549 ldist | (dropped) bothdemoc | .8079653 .2245623 3.60 0.001 .3505468 1.265384 onedemoc | .6136321 .2622019 2.34 0.026 .0795443 1.14772 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | (dropped) landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.3666953 .2289703 -1.60 0.119 -.8330925 .0997019 island | (dropped) custrict | (dropped) lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) lgovtcris | (dropped) lcorrupti | (dropped) _cons | 31.36595 23.8658 1.31 0.198 -17.24708 79.97899 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 4.556485 sigma_e | .6535533 rho | .97984151 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R8bf, title(Robust, R8bf) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry lgovtcris lcorrupti, re robust cluster(pairid) note: custrict dropped due to collinearity note: curcol dropped due to collinearity note: colony dropped due to collinearity note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 218 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 33 R-sq: within = 0.0612 Obs per group: min = 2 between = 0.9273 avg = 6.6 overall = 0.8864 max = 10 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(12) = 1585.30 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 33 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .5956984 .3647694 1.63 0.102 -.1192364 1.310633 lrgdppc | .1521913 .4056332 0.38 0.708 -.6428353 .9472178 ldist | -2.115878 .5205868 -4.06 0.000 -3.13621 -1.095547 ldemoc | .0083492 .0577989 0.14 0.885 -.1049346 .1216331 comlang | 1.471609 .5908423 2.49 0.013 .3135796 2.629639 border | -1.831908 .850177 -2.15 0.031 -3.498224 -.1655919 regional | 4.274905 1.139465 3.75 0.000 2.041596 6.508215 landl | -.7403627 .6453761 -1.15 0.251 -2.005277 .5245511 ltariffs | -.2995853 .2133658 -1.40 0.160 -.7177745 .118604 island | .6854338 1.354741 0.51 0.613 -1.96981 3.340678 lareap | .4062621 .4414738 0.92 0.357 -.4590106 1.271535 comcol | -2.154562 .6316414 -3.41 0.001 -3.392557 -.9165681 lgovtcris | -.1051852 .54987 -0.19 0.848 -1.182911 .9725403 lcorrupti | .2370996 1.066679 0.22 0.824 -1.853553 2.327752 _cons | -13.06318 6.744415 -1.94 0.053 -26.28199 .1556325 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.1107288 sigma_e | .66493257 rho | .73617308 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R8cr, title(Robust, R8cr) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist ldemoc comlang border regional landl ltariffs island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry lgovtcris lcorrupti, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 218 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 33 R-sq: within = 0.0720 Obs per group: min = 2 between = 0.0826 avg = 6.6 overall = 0.1125 max = 10 F(4,32) = 2.67 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.2905 Prob > F = 0.0496 (Std. Err. adjusted for 33 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | -.3638346 .8669495 -0.42 0.678 -2.129753 1.402084 lrgdppc | 1.169752 .8424715 1.39 0.175 -.5463067 2.88581 ldist | (dropped) ldemoc | .0345206 .0716605 0.48 0.633 -.1114471 .1804883 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | (dropped) landl | (dropped) ltariffs | -.3433649 .2053575 -1.67 0.104 -.7616645 .0749346 island | (dropped) custrict | (dropped) lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | (dropped) colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) lgovtcris | (dropped) lcorrupti | (dropped) _cons | 11.0518 30.06633 0.37 0.716 -50.19131 72.29491 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.3404056 sigma_e | .66493257 rho | .96188635 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store R8cf, title(Robust, R8cf) . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table4b.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f) keep(bothdemoc ldemoc bothdemocs)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats (r2 r2_p chi2 N > , labels("R$^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$\chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) & R6br & R6bf & R6cr & R6cf & R7br & > R7bf & R8br & R8bf & R8cr & R8cf \\ & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & > b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se & b/se \\ lrgdp & (0.02) & (0.03) & (0.02) & (0.03) & (0.02) & > (0.06) & (0.33) & (0.72) & (0.36) & (0.87) \\ lrgdppc & (0.03) & (0.05) & (0.03) & (0.05) & (0.03) & > (0.07) & (0.40) & (0.77) & (0.41) & (0.84) \\ ldist & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & (0.00) & (0.04) & > (0.00) & (0.53) & (0.00) & (0.52) & (0.00) \\ bothdemoc & 0.040* & 0.085***& & & & > & 0.710***& 0.808***& & \\ & (0.02) & (0.02) & & & & > & (0.26) & (0.22) & & \\ onedemoc & (0.03) & (0.03) & & & & > & (0.34) & (0.26) & & \\ comlang & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & (0.00) & (0.08) & > (0.00) & (0.57) & (0.00) & (0.59) & (0.00) \\ border & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.16) & > (0.00) & (0.86) & (0.00) & (0.85) & (0.00) \\ regional & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.07) & (0.06) & > (0.06) & (1.16) & (0.00) & (1.14) & (0.00) \\ landl & (0.05) & (0.00) & (0.05) & (0.00) & (0.06) & > (0.00) & (0.53) & (0.00) & (0.65) & (0.00) \\ lopen & (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) & (0.02) & & > & & & & \\ island & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & (0.00) & (0.07) & > (0.00) & (1.27) & (0.00) & (1.35) & (0.00) \\ custrict & (0.15) & (0.15) & (0.15) & (0.15) & (0.18) & > (0.18) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ lareap & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & (0.00) & (0.02) & > (0.00) & (0.39) & (0.00) & (0.44) & (0.00) \\ comcol & (0.12) & (0.00) & (0.12) & (0.00) & (0.13) & > (0.00) & (0.67) & (0.00) & (0.63) & (0.00) \\ curcol & (1.26) & (1.28) & (1.27) & (1.29) & (0.01) & > (0.01) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ colony & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.15) & (0.00) & (0.15) & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ comctry & & (0.00) & & (0.00) & & > (0.00) & & (0.00) & & (0.00) \\ ldemoc & & & 0.020***& 0.026***& & > & & & 0.008 & 0.035 \\ & & & (0.00) & (0.00) & & > & & & (0.06) & (0.07) \\ bothdemocs & & & & & 0.084***& > 0.116***& & & & \\ & & & & & (0.03) & > (0.03) & & & & \\ onedemocs & & & & & (0.05) & > (0.05) & & & & \\ ltariffs & & & & & (0.01) & > (0.01) & (0.23) & (0.23) & (0.21) & (0.21) \\ lgovtcris & & & & & & > & (0.53) & (0.00) & (0.55) & (0.00) \\ lcorrupti & & & & & & > & (1.13) & (0.00) & (1.07) & (0.00) \\ Constant & (0.54) & (0.88) & (0.54) & (0.89) & (0.66) & > (1.73) & (6.11) & (23.87) & (6.74) & (30.07) \\ R$^2$ & & 0.174 & & 0.174 & & > 0.049 & & 0.108 & & 0.072 \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & & & & & > & & & & \\ $\chi^2$ & 10900.667 & & 10921.405 & & 8.10e+06 & > & 6154.594 & & 1585.303 & \\ N & 1.40e+05 & 1.40e+05 & 1.40e+05 & 1.40e+05 & 54654.000 & 54 > 654.000 & 218.000 & 218.000 & 218.000 & 218.000 \\ . estimates clear . . /* Regressions with dummy for each democratic level */ . preserve . gen byte dd00=0 . gen byte dd01=0 . gen byte dd02=0 . gen byte dd03=0 . gen byte dd04=0 . gen byte dd05=0 . gen byte dd06=0 . gen byte dd07=0 . gen byte dd08=0 . gen byte dd09=0 . gen byte dd10=0 . gen byte dd11=0 . gen byte dd12=0 . gen byte dd13=0 . gen byte dd14=0 . gen byte dd15=0 . gen byte dd16=0 . gen byte dd17=0 . gen byte dd18=0 . gen byte dd19=0 . gen byte dd20=0 . replace dd00=1 if (democ1+democ2)==0 (29141 real changes made) . replace dd01=1 if (democ1+democ2)==1 (3863 real changes made) . replace dd02=1 if (democ1+democ2)==2 (4552 real changes made) . replace dd03=1 if (democ1+democ2)==3 (2625 real changes made) . replace dd04=1 if (democ1+democ2)==4 (1896 real changes made) . replace dd05=1 if (democ1+democ2)==5 (2655 real changes made) . replace dd06=1 if (democ1+democ2)==6 (4307 real changes made) . replace dd07=1 if (democ1+democ2)==7 (5507 real changes made) . replace dd08=1 if (democ1+democ2)==8 (10281 real changes made) . replace dd09=1 if (democ1+democ2)==9 (9170 real changes made) . replace dd10=1 if (democ1+democ2)==10 (44339 real changes made) . replace dd11=1 if (democ1+democ2)==11 (6140 real changes made) . replace dd12=1 if (democ1+democ2)==12 (4291 real changes made) . replace dd13=1 if (democ1+democ2)==13 (3561 real changes made) . replace dd14=1 if (democ1+democ2)==14 (3761 real changes made) . replace dd15=1 if (democ1+democ2)==15 (4797 real changes made) . replace dd16=1 if (democ1+democ2)==16 (6767 real changes made) . replace dd17=1 if (democ1+democ2)==17 (6852 real changes made) . replace dd18=1 if (democ1+democ2)==18 (7729 real changes made) . replace dd19=1 if (democ1+democ2)==19 (6436 real changes made) . replace dd20=1 if (democ1+democ2)==20 (12185 real changes made) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist dd00-dd19 comlang border regional landl lopen island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, fe robust cluster(pairid) Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1763 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.1903 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.1571 max = 49 F(26,7072) = 208.76 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.0043 Prob > F = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | -.0093557 .0326962 -0.29 0.775 -.07345 .0547385 lrgdppc | .7235102 .0457263 15.82 0.000 .6338729 .8131475 ldist | (dropped) dd00 | -.3227503 .0640948 -5.04 0.000 -.4483953 -.1971053 dd01 | -.3061916 .0818653 -3.74 0.000 -.466672 -.1457111 dd02 | -.1099427 .0788195 -1.39 0.163 -.2644526 .0445672 dd03 | -.1394938 .0822238 -1.70 0.090 -.3006769 .0216894 dd04 | -.3717305 .0909039 -4.09 0.000 -.5499293 -.1935317 dd05 | -.4731561 .092663 -5.11 0.000 -.6548033 -.2915089 dd06 | -.3189752 .0751458 -4.24 0.000 -.4662834 -.171667 dd07 | -.2068182 .0752645 -2.75 0.006 -.3543592 -.0592772 dd08 | -.0940389 .0626374 -1.50 0.133 -.216827 .0287493 dd09 | -.1578594 .0633788 -2.49 0.013 -.2821009 -.0336179 dd10 | .0207946 .0488702 0.43 0.670 -.0750056 .1165948 dd11 | -.0627659 .0574732 -1.09 0.275 -.1754306 .0498988 dd12 | -.089026 .0623089 -1.43 0.153 -.2111701 .0331182 dd13 | -.0179854 .061403 -0.29 0.770 -.1383537 .1023829 dd14 | -.0317038 .0648047 -0.49 0.625 -.1587405 .0953329 dd15 | .0622069 .0615963 1.01 0.313 -.0585403 .1829542 dd16 | -.0135939 .0557738 -0.24 0.807 -.1229273 .0957395 dd17 | .1040951 .056395 1.85 0.065 -.0064561 .2146463 dd18 | .0626384 .0512934 1.22 0.222 -.0379119 .1631888 dd19 | .0733149 .0517253 1.42 0.156 -.0280821 .174712 comlang | (dropped) border | (dropped) regional | .6363701 .075126 8.47 0.000 .4891007 .7836394 landl | (dropped) lopen | .4509287 .0212851 21.19 0.000 .4092036 .4926538 island | (dropped) custrict | .6340477 .1507381 4.21 0.000 .3385558 .9295396 lareap | (dropped) comcol | (dropped) curcol | -1.786671 1.284363 -1.39 0.164 -4.304407 .7310643 colony | (dropped) comctry | (dropped) _cons | -4.077878 .8864803 -4.60 0.000 -5.815645 -2.340111 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 3.2363066 sigma_e | 1.2090227 rho | .87752955 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store D1r, title(Robust, D1r) . xtreg ltrade lrgdp lrgdppc ldist dd00-dd19 comlang border regional landl lopen island custrict l > areap comcol curcol colony comctry, re robust cluster(pairid) note: comctry dropped due to collinearity Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 139642 Group variable (i): pairid Number of groups = 7073 R-sq: within = 0.1700 Obs per group: min = 1 between = 0.5974 avg = 19.7 overall = 0.5235 max = 49 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(34) = 11429.12 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 (Std. Err. adjusted for 7073 clusters in pairid) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ltrade | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lrgdp | .32245 .0198594 16.24 0.000 .2835263 .3613736 lrgdppc | .4207821 .0282836 14.88 0.000 .3653474 .4762169 ldist | -1.303367 .040531 -32.16 0.000 -1.382806 -1.223928 dd00 | -.4234165 .0610468 -6.94 0.000 -.543066 -.3037671 dd01 | -.4407506 .078668 -5.60 0.000 -.594937 -.2865641 dd02 | -.2148854 .0769949 -2.79 0.005 -.3657926 -.0639782 dd03 | -.2532618 .07943 -3.19 0.001 -.4089417 -.0975819 dd04 | -.4688864 .0874933 -5.36 0.000 -.6403702 -.2974026 dd05 | -.5405124 .0903361 -5.98 0.000 -.7175679 -.363457 dd06 | -.4895694 .0729132 -6.71 0.000 -.6324765 -.3466622 dd07 | -.332135 .0737339 -4.50 0.000 -.4766508 -.1876191 dd08 | -.2441286 .0611823 -3.99 0.000 -.3640437 -.1242135 dd09 | -.3263447 .0619741 -5.27 0.000 -.4478118 -.2048777 dd10 | -.0827724 .0474483 -1.74 0.081 -.1757694 .0102247 dd11 | -.1803014 .0566153 -3.18 0.001 -.2912654 -.0693374 dd12 | -.2402734 .0615039 -3.91 0.000 -.3608187 -.119728 dd13 | -.159149 .0607596 -2.62 0.009 -.2782356 -.0400624 dd14 | -.1919447 .0639165 -3.00 0.003 -.3172187 -.0666707 dd15 | -.0861147 .0602279 -1.43 0.153 -.2041592 .0319298 dd16 | -.1940126 .0547594 -3.54 0.000 -.301339 -.0866863 dd17 | -.03641 .0555476 -0.66 0.512 -.1452812 .0724613 dd18 | -.1038317 .0512301 -2.03 0.043 -.2042409 -.0034225 dd19 | -.0799838 .0510256 -1.57 0.117 -.1799921 .0200245 comlang | .2200672 .0782593 2.81 0.005 .0666819 .3734526 border | .6604687 .1502223 4.40 0.000 .3660383 .9548991 regional | .6136639 .0675957 9.08 0.000 .4811788 .7461489 landl | -1.038141 .0520395 -19.95 0.000 -1.140136 -.936145 lopen | .2291679 .0187373 12.23 0.000 .1924434 .2658923 island | .1552496 .0729162 2.13 0.033 .0123364 .2981628 custrict | .6827512 .1508744 4.53 0.000 .3870428 .9784596 lareap | .263444 .0165714 15.90 0.000 .2309647 .2959234 comcol | -.6134953 .1179699 -5.20 0.000 -.8447121 -.3822786 curcol | -1.648191 1.261643 -1.31 0.191 -4.120966 .8245847 colony | 2.719705 .1533591 17.73 0.000 2.419126 3.020283 _cons | -9.924146 .5397419 -18.39 0.000 -10.98202 -8.866271 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- sigma_u | 1.8169816 sigma_e | 1.2090273 rho | .69311462 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . estimates store D2f, title(Robust, D2f) . restore . . estout * using C:\giraffe\output\table5.tex, replace style(tex) varlabels(_cons Constant) cells > (b(star fmt(%9.3f) keep(lrgdp lrgdppc ldist dd00 dd05 dd10 dd15 dd19)) se(par fmt(%9.2f))) stats > (r2 r2_p chi2 N, labels("R$^2$" "Pseudo R$^2$" "$\chi^2$" "N")) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0 > .01) & D1r & D2f \\ & b/se & b/se \\ lrgdp & -0.009 & 0.322***\\ & (0.03) & (0.02) \\ lrgdppc & 0.724***& 0.421***\\ & (0.05) & (0.03) \\ ldist & 0.000 & -1.303***\\ & (0.00) & (0.04) \\ dd00 & -0.323***& -0.423***\\ & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd01 & (0.08) & (0.08) \\ dd02 & (0.08) & (0.08) \\ dd03 & (0.08) & (0.08) \\ dd04 & (0.09) & (0.09) \\ dd05 & -0.473***& -0.541***\\ & (0.09) & (0.09) \\ dd06 & (0.08) & (0.07) \\ dd07 & (0.08) & (0.07) \\ dd08 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd09 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd10 & 0.021 & -0.083* \\ & (0.05) & (0.05) \\ dd11 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd12 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd13 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd14 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd15 & 0.062 & -0.086 \\ & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd16 & (0.06) & (0.05) \\ dd17 & (0.06) & (0.06) \\ dd18 & (0.05) & (0.05) \\ dd19 & 0.073 & -0.080 \\ & (0.05) & (0.05) \\ comlang & (0.00) & (0.08) \\ border & (0.00) & (0.15) \\ regional & (0.08) & (0.07) \\ landl & (0.00) & (0.05) \\ lopen & (0.02) & (0.02) \\ island & (0.00) & (0.07) \\ custrict & (0.15) & (0.15) \\ lareap & (0.00) & (0.02) \\ comcol & (0.00) & (0.12) \\ curcol & (1.28) & (1.26) \\ colony & (0.00) & (0.15) \\ comctry & (0.00) & \\ Constant & (0.89) & (0.54) \\ R$^2$ & 0.176 & \\ Pseudo R$^2$& & \\ $\chi^2$ & & 11429.118 \\ N & 1.40e+05 & 1.40e+05 \\ . estimates clear . . exit end of do-file . . /* Causality testing */ . * do cause.do . . /* Close */ . drop _all . set more on . set mem 1m (1024k) . log close log: c:\giraffe\main.log log type: text closed on: 21 Jun 2007, 17:07:48 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------